Properties of learning models in collective action: Rationality of backward-looking players

This article intends to clarify properties of learning models in simulation studies and to conduct a comparison of preceding learning models. Learning models are often used in many simulation studies, but there is no uniform rule of learning. We introduce three technical properties (monotonicity, condition of probability, neutrality) and three rational properties (rationality is fixed situations, rationality in first order stochastic domination, rationality with risk preference in stocahstic situations). We examine Michael Macy's model, the Erev & Roth model, and some others. We find that these models have different properties. Though learning is treated as one of the solutions of social dilemma from the results of Macy's model (Kollock, 1998), Macy's model is peculiar learning model. Learning is not always a solution of social dilemma. A comparison of learning models from a uniform point of view clarifies the properties of each model, and helps to probe conformity of a learning model and human behavior.     

Tetrathiafulvalenylallene: a new class of donor molecules having strong chiroptical properties in neutral and doped states

A chiral tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) dimer bridged by an allene framework (1) was synthesized. An X-ray analysis of 1 revealed an effective conjugation between TTF and the allene backbone. Allene 1 was resolved into both enantiomers, which showed strong chiroptical electrochromic properties. Absolute configuration of the allene was validated by theoretical study of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum. ECD spectra of cationic species 1(2+) and 1(4+) exhibited intense Cotton Effects over the visible region.     

Fluorimetric assay for monoamine oxidases A and B by means of p-sulfamoylbenzylamine and benzylamine

p-Sulfamoylbenzylamine and p-hydroxybenzylamine are shown to be substrates for monoamine oxidase A and for monoamine oxidases A and B, respectively. This was established by studies on the selectivity of benzylamine derivatives as substrates using monoamine oxidase inhibitors. A sensitive fluorimetric method for the separate assay of monoamine oxidases A and B is described. p-Sulfamoylbenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde formed enzymatically from p-sulfamoylbenzylamine and benzylamine, a known substrate for monoamine oxidase B, are quantified by means of the selective fluorimetric determination of aromatic aldehydes with 2,2′-dithiobis(1-aminonaphthalene). The limits of detection for the p-sulfamoylbenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde formed enzymatically are, respectively, 300 and 150 pmol per assay tube. Monoamine oxidases A and B in rat brain mitochondrial tissue and human platelets were assayed.     

Synthesis of vinyl polymers with pendant phenoxazinyl group

Vinyl monomers bearing phenoxazine units, were synthesized: 2-vinyl-phenoxazine starting with phenoxazine in a five-step synthesis; 3-acrylamido- or 3-methacrylamido-phenoxazines with or without 10-PhCH₂ or 10-Me-substituent starting with o-benzylideneaminophenol or o-anisidine via 3-aminophenoxazines; and 3-(p-styrenesulfonamido)phenoxazines with or without 10-PhCH₂- or 10-Me-substituent, also via 3-aminophenoxazines. Polymerizations of these noval monomers proceeded smoothly, except those having no 10-substituent. Changes of the visible absorption spectrum of iodine in THF with addition of the polymers and oligomers thus prepared were considerable, with the appearance of new absorption peaks for polymers with 10-Me-substituent.     

Tracking the pathway of diesel exhaust particles from the nose to the brain by X-ray florescence analysis

Studies have shown that exposure to nano-sized particles (< 50 nm) result in their translocation to the central nervous system through the olfactory nerve. Translocation commonly occurs via inhalation, ingestion and skin uptake. Little information is available on the specific pathway of cellular localization of nano-sized particles in the olfactory bulb. The nano-sized particles entrance into the postsynaptics cell is of particular interest because the mitral cell projects to the central nucleus of the amygdala and the piriform cortex. Therefore, our objective in this follow-up study has been to determine whether or not the mitral cells project nano-sized particles to the brain.Nano-sized particles in this study were generated using diesel exhaust. Lab mice were exposed for a period of 4 weeks. We employed synchrotron radiation (SPring-8, Japan) to determine the concentration levels of metal in the olfactory neuron pathway. Metal levels were assayed by mapping, using X-ray fluorescence analysis. The major metal components measured in the filter that collected the inhaled diesel exhaust particles were calcium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc. Our studies reveal an increase in the amount of nano-sized particles in the glomerular layer as well as in the neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Higher levels of nickel and iron were found in the olfactory epithelium's lamina propria mucosae in comparison to that in the control group. Higher levels of iron also were observed in the glomerular layer. Our studies do not clarify the specifics of metal adhesion and detachment. This remains to be one of the key issues requiring further clarification.     

New Insights into the Hexaphenylethane Riddle: Formation of an α,o‐Dimer

Upon reduction of a 1H‐cyclobuta[de]naphthalene‐4,5‐diylbis(diarylmethylium) species, a new C? C bond is formed between the C_α and C_ortho atoms of the two chromophores, which presents an unprecedented coupling pattern for the dimerization of two trityl units. By attaching an annulated cyclobutane ring at the opposite peri position of the naphthalene core, the distance between the C_α carbon atoms was elongated beyond the limit of σ‐bond formation through “scissor effects”. The suppression of C_α? C_α bond formation, which would lead to hexaphenylethane‐type compounds, is key to the first successful isolation of the α,o‐adducts. The 5‐diarylmethylene‐6‐triarylmethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexadiene unit in the α,o‐adducts is stable, and isomerization of the cyclohexadiene unit into an aromatic system was not observed. The newly formed C_α? C_ortho bond was cleaved upon two‐electron oxidation to regenerate the dicationic dye.     

The synthesis of benzofuroquinolines. IX. A benzofuroisoquinolinone and a benzofuroisocoumarin

Some procedures for a benzofuroisoquinolinone 1 were studied. Its O-analogous benzofuroisocoumarin 2 was synthesized from methyl salicylate with diethyl α-bromohomophthalate (9) . And, the benzofuroisoquinolinone 1 was obtained by treating 2 with ammonia gas in a sealed tube.     

Labdane diterpene glycosides with 6-deoxy-L-idose from Aster spathulifolius Maxim.

Three labdane type diterpene glycosides ($\text{1}$, $\text{2}$ and $\text{3}$) with 6-deoxy-L-idose have been isolated from Aster spathulifolius Maxim. and their structures have been determined on the basis of chemical and spectral data.