Beyond Stereoselectivity,Switchable Catalysis: Some of the Last Frontier Challenges in Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters

Metal‐based catalysts and initiators have played a pivotal role in the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters, thanks to their high activity and remarkable ability to control precisely the architectures of the resulting polyesters in terms of molar mass, dispersity, microstructure, or tacticity. Today, after two decades of extensive research, the field is slowly reaching maturity. However, several challenges remain, while original concepts have emerged around new types or new applications of catalysis. This Review is not intended to comprehensively cover all of these aspects. Rather, it provides a personal overview of the very recent progress achieved in some selected, important aspects of ROP catalysis—stereocontrol and switchable catalysis. Hence, the first part addresses the development of new metal‐based catalysts for the isoselective ROP of racemic lactide towards stereoblock copolymers, and the use of syndioselective ROP metal catalysts to control the monomer sequence in copolymers. A second part covers the development of ROP catalysts—primarily metal‐based catalysts, but also organocatalysts—that can be externally regulated by the use of chemical or photo stimuli to switch them between two states with different catalytic abilities. Current challenges and opportunities are highlighted.     

双掺(Tm3+,Tb3+)LiYF4激光器1.5 μm波长激光阈值分析

由速率方程推出了双掺（Tm^3 ,Tb^3 ）离子准四能级系统的激光阈值解析式，讨论了Tm^3 和Tb^3 离子之间的相互作用。分析了1.5μm波长附近的激光阈值和Tm^3 、Tb^3 离子的掺杂原子数分数及晶体长度的关系。结果表明，对于对应Tm^3 离子^3H4→^3F4跃迁的约1.5μm波长的激光，激活离子Tm^3 的掺杂原子数分数过大时，交叉弛豫作用将使系统阈值迅速增加。Tb^3 离子的加入，一方面能抽空激光下能级，起到降低阈值的作用；另一方面亦减少了激光上能级的寿命，使阈值升高。故Tb^3 离子有最佳掺杂原子数分数。对于Tm原子数分数为y=0.01的Tm:LiYF4晶体，Tb^3 离子的最佳掺杂原子数分数为0.002左右，同时表明，激光阈值与晶体长度有关。最佳晶体长度与Tm^3 、Tb^3 离子的掺杂原子数分数以及晶体的衍射损耗和吸收损耗有关。     

HIRFL–CSR加速器中束流与真空中剩余气体的碰撞损失

研究了重离子加速器中束流与真空中剩余气体的碰撞损失过程和碰撞截面,在依据大量实验数据的基础上,提出了一组计算离子一原子的电荷交换截面的经验公式.以兰州重离子加速器HDRFL及冷却储存环CSR为例,给出了依据碰撞截面的公式计算束流在加速器真空中的传输效率的方法,并计算了在不同真空度下HIRFL的ECR源轴向注入束运线、注入器SFC、前束运线、主加速器SSC和后束运线等不同加速阶段及CSR的传输效率,并提出合理的真空度要求.HIRFL的真空分布测量和束流的损失测量证明了该计算方法的可靠性.     

识别过渡金属离子的1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺多胺衍生物荧光传感器的研究

设计合成了用以检测过渡金属离子的荧光化学敏感器体系,它们是由1,8-萘二酰亚胺为荧光团,多胺衍生物为金属离子受体组成．在室温下对其光物理性质的研究中发现,在没有加入过渡金属离子时,由于体系内存在有效的光诱导电子转移过程使得荧光团的荧光被淬灭．加入过渡金属离子后,金属离子受体中的氮原子和过渡金属离子之间的配位作用阻断了光诱导电子转移过程,体系的荧光增强．不同的金属离子受体表现出了和过渡金属离子不同的配位识别能力,并且通过荧光的变化传递出受体-金属离子作用的信息．     

虚拟RLC电参量测试仪

虚拟仪器在测试测量领域、自动控制和工业控制领域有着广泛的应用.为提高本科生普通物理实验训练的起点,北京大学基础物理实验中心将虚拟仪器引入到物理实验教学中.本文以虚拟RLC电参量的测量为例,介绍了虚拟仪器在物理实验中的具体应用.