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991.
Depression is one of the most frequently occurring psychiatric conditions affecting the economic and social functioning of people all over the world. There are a few classes of drugs commonly used to treat patients with depression disorders. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants provides the possibility to reduce side effects and optimize the treatment of patients with depression. Hence, there is a need to develop reliable analytical methods for the determination of these agents in biological fluids. Moreover, an important part of understanding the mechanisms of action of these medicines is also associated with the recognition of the metabolites' function because of their potential influence on therapeutic benefits and/or adverse effects. Some of them possess the same primary activity as their parent compounds and may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy whereas the biochemical actions of other metabolites may be different from that of the parent drug. In this review, several validated high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methods for quantification of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids are compared. In addition, the review covers areas such as mechanism of actions, structure-activity relationships and metabolism of the cited antidepressants. 相似文献
992.
Tomasz Goslinski Jaroslaw PiskorzDawid Brudnicki Andrew J.P. WhiteMaria Gdaniec Wojciech SzczolkoEwa Tykarska 《Polyhedron》2011,30(6):1004-1011
Novel tribenzoporphyrazines possessing peripherally annulated tetrahydrodiazepine and diazepine rings were synthesized and characterized, and the substituent effects on their absorption spectra in various solvents and on singlet oxygen generation were studied. Solvatochromic effects of tribenzoporphyrazines dissolved in a range of protic and aprotic solvents were evaluated by monitoring the changes in the UV-Vis spectra. The correlation between the Q-band shift towards longer wavelengths and the refractive index of the solvent indicated that the solvatochromic effects are mainly a result of solvation rather than coordination processes. The potential photosensitizing activity of novel tribenzoporphyrazines was evaluated by measuring the ability of singlet oxygen production, which is the result of the interaction between an activated photosensitizer and oxygen. This experiment proves promising photosensitizing activity of novel styryldiazepinotribenzoporphyrazine, which is an efficient singlet oxygen generator with a ΦΔ value of 0.44, although this value is a little lower than that of zinc phthalocyanine. 相似文献
993.
Włodzimierz Ogryczak Tomasz Śliwiński 《Computational Optimization and Applications》2011,50(3):591-595
This note is focused on computational efficiency of the portfolio selection models based on the Conditional Value at Risk
(CVaR) risk measure. The CVaR measure represents the mean shortfall at a specified confidence level and its optimization may
be expressed with a Linear Programming (LP) model. The corresponding portfolio selection models can be solved with general
purpose LP solvers. However, in the case of more advanced simulation models employed for scenario generation one may get several
thousands of scenarios. This may lead to the LP model with huge number of variables and constraints thus decreasing the computational
efficiency of the model. To overcome this difficulty some alternative solution approaches are explored employing cutting planes
or nondifferential optimization techniques among others. Without questioning importance and quality of the introduced methods
we demonstrate much better performances of the simplex method when applied to appropriately rebuilt CVaR models taking advantages
of the LP duality. 相似文献
994.
Scalar diffraction theory is applied to analyze the intensity distribution in the fiber core during fiber Bragg grating (FBG) fabrication using an apodized phase mask. The averaged diffraction field distribution in fiber core was calculated as a function of optical fiber position. The results show that in a case of apodized FBGs fabrication, averaged field intensity profile, and thus refractive index changes in fiber core have complex form. Moreover, it was shown that the influence of optical fiber position behind the phase mask on average intensity distribution in fiber core decreases with increasing of its diameter. 相似文献
995.
Alexandrou C Gregory EB Korzec T Koutsou G Negele JW Sato T Tsapalis A 《Physical review letters》2011,107(14):141601
We present the first calculation on the Δ axial?vector and pseudoscalar form factors using lattice QCD. Two Goldberger-Treiman relations are derived and examined. A combined chiral fit is performed to the nucleon axial charge, N to Δ axial transition coupling constant and Δ axial charge. 相似文献
996.
By considering a perfect reflector submerged in a dielectric fluid, we show that the Minkowski formulation describes the optical momentum transfer to submerged objects. This result is required by global energy conservation, regardless of the phase of the reflected wave. While the electromagnetic pressure on a submerged reflector can vary with phase of the mirror reflection coefficient between twice the Abraham momentum and twice the Minkowski momentum, the Minkowski momentum is always restored due to the additional pressure on the dielectric surface. This analysis also gives further evidence for use of the Minkowski stress tensor at the boundary of a dielectric interface, which has been the subject of a long-standing debate in physics and the source of uncertainty in the modeling of optical forces on submerged particles. 相似文献
997.
Przybyt M Miller E Szreder T 《Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology》2011,103(1):22-28
The thermostability of glucose oxidase entrapped in silica gel obtained by sol-gel method was studied by thermostimulated fluorescence of FAD at pH 5 and 7 and compared with that of the native enzyme in the solution and at the presence of ethanol. The unfolding temperatures were found to be lower for the enzyme immobilised in gel as compared with the native enzyme but higher as for the enzyme at the presence of ethanol. In gel, the thermal denaturation of glucose oxidase is independent on pH while in solution the enzyme is more stable at pH 5. The investigation the enzyme in different environment by steady-state fluorescence of FAD and tryptophan, synchronous fluorescence and time-resolved fluorescence of tryptophan indicates that the state of the molecule (tertiary structure and molecular dynamics) is different in gel and in solution. The ethanol produced during gel precursor hydrolysis is not the main factor influencing the thermostability of the enzyme but more important are interactions of the protein with the gel lattice. 相似文献
998.
Tomasz Puzyn Agnieszka Gajewicz Aleksandra Rybacka Maciej Haranczyk 《Structural chemistry》2011,22(4):873-884
Experimentally determined data on the key physicochemical parameters for halogenated congeners of persistent organic pollutants
(POPs) are available only for a limited number of compounds. In the absence of experimental data, a range of computational
methods can be applied to characterize those species for which experimental data is not available. One of the techniques widely
used in this context is quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) approach. There are two ways to develop the QSPR
models: using a more complex global model or fitting a simple local model that covers a specific class of chemically related
compounds. The essence of the study was to investigate, if local models have significantly better explanatory and predictive
ability than global models with wider applicability domains. Based on the obtained results, we concluded that whenever global
models fulfill all quality recommendations by OECD, they would be applied in practice as more efficient ones in state of more
time consuming procedure of modeling the particular groups of POPs one-by-one. On the contrary, local models are applicable
to solve specific problems (i.e., related to only one group of POPs), when high-quality experimental data are available for
a sufficient number of training and validation compounds. 相似文献
999.
Pawlak T Pazderski L Sitkowski J Kozerski L Szłyk E 《Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC》2011,49(2):59-64
(1)H, (13)C, (195)Pt and (15)N NMR studies of platinide(II) (M = Pd, Pt) chloride complexes with such alkyl and aryl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline as LL = 6,6'-dimethyl-bpy, 5,5'-dimethyl-bpy, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-bpy, 2,9-dimethyl-phen, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-phen, 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-phen, having the general [M(LL)Cl(2)] formula were performed and the respective chemical shifts (δ(1H), δ(13C), δ(195Pt), δ(15N)) reported. (1)H high-frequency coordination shifts (Δ(coord)(1H) = δ(complex)(1H)-δ(ligand)(1H)) mostly pronounced for nitrogen-adjacent protons and methyl groups in the nearest adjacency of nitrogen, as well as (15)N low-frequency coordination shifts (Δ(coord)(15H) = δ(complex)(15H)-δ(ligand)(15H)) were discussed in relation to the molecular structures. 相似文献
1000.
The comparison of eight tools applicable to ligand-binding site prediction is presented. The methods examined cover three
types of approaches: the geometrical (CASTp, PASS, Pocket-Finder), the physicochemical (Q-SiteFinder, FOD) and the knowledge-based
(ConSurf, SuMo, WebFEATURE). The accuracy of predictions was measured in reference to the catalytic residues documented in
the Catalytic Site Atlas. The test was performed on a set comprising selected chains of hydrolases. The results were analysed
with regard to size, polarity, secondary structure, accessible solvent area of predicted sites as well as parameters commonly
used in machine learning (F-measure, MCC). The relative accuracies of predictions are presented in the ROC space, allowing
determination of the optimal methods by means of the ROC convex hull. Additionally the minimum expected cost analysis was
performed. Both advantages and disadvantages of the eight methods are presented. Characterization of protein chains in respect
to the level of difficulty in the active site prediction is introduced. The main reasons for failures are discussed. Overall,
the best performance offers SuMo followed by FOD, while Pocket-Finder is the best method among the geometrical approaches. 相似文献