Synthesis of tricyclic isoindoles and thiazolo[3,2-c][1,3]benzoxazines

The thermolysis of (3R,9bS)-5-oxo-2,3,5,9b-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-a]isoindole-3-carboxylic acids in Ac₂O led to novel 3-methylene-2,5-dioxo-3H,9bH-oxazolo[2,3-a]isoindoles and chiral (9bS)-5-oxo-2,3,5,9b-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-a]isoindoles were obtained on FVP. Starting from l-cysteine methyl ester (3R,10bR)-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-10bH-[1.3]thiazolo[3,2-c][1,3]benzoxazines were obtained as single stereoisomers. The thermolysis of (3R,10bR)-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-10bH-[1.3]thiazolo[3,2-c][1,3]benzoxazine-3-carboxylic acid in Ac₂O gave 5-acetyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrothiazole. The structures of methyl (3R,9bS)-5-oxo-2,3,5,9b-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-a]isoindole-3-carboxylate 1a and methyl (2R,4R)-N-chlorocarbonyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylate 9 were determined by X-ray crystallography.     

Direct quantitation of volatile organic compounds in packaging materials by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The quantification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in flexible multilayer packaging materials using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was studied. The analytes imclude 22 compounds such as aldehydes. ketones, carboxylic acids and hydrocarbons formed by thermooxidative degradation of polyethylene during the extrusion coating process in the manufacture of the packaging, and many of them are involved in the unpleasant and undesirable odour of these materials. External standard calibration using a solution of the analytes in an appropriate solvent was the first approach studied. Aqueous solutions of the analytes provided low reproducibility and the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols under the HS-SPME conditions. Hexadecane was chosen as the solvent since its polarity is similar to that of polyethylene and its volatility is lower than that of the analytes. However, hexadecane should be added to the sample before the analysis as it modifies the absorption capacity of the fibre. A 75-microm Carboxen-poly(dimethylsiloxane) fibre was used to extract the VOCs from the headspace above the packaging in a 15-ml sealed vial at 100 degrees C after 5 min of preincubation. The influence of the extraction time on the amount extracted was studied for a standard solution of the analytes in hexadecane, together with the influence of the volume of the standard solution and the amount of the sample placed in the vial. Standard addition and multiple HS-SPME were also studied as calibration methods and the results obtained in the quantitative analysis of a packaging material were compared.     

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Solid Phase Extraction Applied to the Determination of Oil and Grease in Water Matrices

 The solid phase extraction as a solvent-free method for the analysis of oil and grease in waters was studied. The use of a PTFE surface as a solid phase allows the retention of the volatile fraction of oil and grease, and further analysis of carbon–hydrogen bonds using infrared spectroscopy can be done on the surface. Various oils and grease samples were tested: n-hexadecane, n-tetradecane, n-nonadecane, n-docosane, isooctane, diesel oil and gasoline. Temperatures from 25° to 90 °C and a range of heating times were checked for extraction. Precision tests showed relative standard deviation values of around 10% in several samples of the same concentration. Calibration lines of n-hexadecane showed high correlation coefficients from 0.9 to 30 mg/l. Recoveries for the various oils using different calibration lines showed values from 90 to 110%. The method described here is fast and clean, and allows reproducible measurements of oil and grease in water that do not require the use of a solvent. Received March 1, 2001; accepted August 15, 2001; published online July 15, 2002     

Speciation of the new ligand di-isopropyliminodiacetoamide with Cu(II) using computational processing and graphical methods

The importance assigned to chelating agents in diverse areas has impelled studies concerning their development as related to metal ions representing a biological concern. The synthesis of di-isopropyliminodiacetoamide (D) is presented in this work. The acidity constant obtained for D was pKa = 5.79 +/- 0.04 with the aid of program SUPERQUAD. The equilibrium constants for D with Cu(II) were obtained with the aid of program SQUAD for CuD2+ and CuD2(2)+ species giving log beta1 = 4.795 +/- 0.002 and log beta2 = 8.374 +/- 0.004, respectively.     

Alkynyldiphenylphosphine d8 (Pt, Rh, Ir) complexes: contrasting behavior toward cis-[Pt(C6F5)2(THF)2

The synthesis and characterization of a series of mononuclear d(8) complexes with at least two P-coordinated alkynylphosphine ligands and their reactivity toward cis-[Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)(THF)(2)] are reported. The cationic [Pt(C(6)F(5))(PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)(3)](CF(3)SO(3)), 1, [M(COD)(PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)(2)](ClO(4)) (M = Rh, 2, and Ir, 3), and neutral [Pt(o-C(6)H(4)E(2))(PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)(2)] (E = O, 6, and S, 7) complexes have been prepared, and the crystal structures of 1, 2, and 7.CH(3)COCH(3) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The course of the reactions of the mononuclear complexes 1-3, 6, and 7 with cis-[Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)(THF)(2)] is strongly influenced by the metal and the ligands. Thus, treatment of 1 with 1 equiv of cis-[Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)(THF)(2)] gives the double inserted cationic product [Pt(C(6)F(5))(S)mu-(C(Ph)=C(PPh(2))C(PPh(2))=C(Ph)(C(6)F(5)))Pt(C(6)F(5))(PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)](CF(3)SO(3)) (S = THF, H(2)O), 8 (S = H(2)O, X-ray), which evolves in solution to the mononuclear complex [(C(6)F(5))(PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)Pt(C(10)H(4)-1-C(6)F(5)-4-Ph-2,3-kappaPP'(PPh(2))(2))](CF(3) SO(3)), 9 (X-ray), containing a 1-pentafluorophenyl-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphine)-4-phenylnaphthalene ligand, formed by annulation of a phenyl group and loss of the Pt(C(6)F(5)) unit. However, analogous reactions using 2 or 3 as precursors afford mixtures of complexes, from which we have characterized by X-ray crystallography the alkynylphosphine oxide compound [(C(6)F(5))(2)Pt(mu-kappaO:eta(2)-PPh(2)(O)C triple-bond CPh)](2), 10, in the reaction with the iridium complex (3). Complexes 6 and 7, which contain additional potential bridging donor atoms (O, S), react with cis-[Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)(THF)(2)] in the appropriate molar ratio (1:1 or 1:2) to give homo- bi- or trinuclear [Pt(PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)(mu-kappaE-o-C(6)H(4)E(2))(mu-kappaP:eta(2)-PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)] (E = O, 11, and S, 12) and [(Pt(mu(3)-kappa(2)EE'-o-C(6)H(4)E(2))(mu-kappaP:eta(2)-PPh(2)C triple-bond CPh)(2))(Pt(C(6)F(5))(2))(2)] (E = O, 13, and S, 14) complexes. The molecular structure of 14 has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and the cyclic voltammetric behavior of precursor complexes 6 and 7 and polymetallic derivatives 11-14 has been examined.     

SO2:H2O surface complex found at the vapor/water interface

A weakly bonded SO2:H2O surface complex is found at the vapor/water interface prior to the reaction and dissolution of SO2 into the aqueous phase. The results have important implications for understanding the formation of atmospheric aerosols and understanding the atmospheric sulfur cycle.     

Generation and reactivity of 3‐carbethoxy‐5‐phenyl‐5H,7H‐thiazolo[3,4‐c]oxazol‐4‐ium‐1‐olate

3‐Carbethoxy‐5‐phenyl‐5H,7H‐thiazolo[3,4‐c]oxazol‐4‐ium‐1‐olate was generated from (2R,4R)‐N‐ethoxyoxalyl‐2‐phenylthiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid and its reactivity studied. This münchnone showed low reactivity as dipole although from the reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate the corresponding (3R)‐3‐phenyl‐17H,3H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]thiazole‐5,6,7‐tricarboxylate could be isolated. The thermolysis of (2R,4R)‐N‐ethoxyoxalyl‐2‐phenylthiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid in refluxing acetic anhydride led to the synthesis of N‐(1‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐phenylvinyl)‐2‐phenyl‐4‐thioxo‐1,3‐thiazolidine. The structure of methyl (2R,4R)‐N‐ethoxyoxalyl‐2‐phenylthiazoliddine‐4‐carboxylate was determined by X‐ray crystallography.     

Sulle superficie di uno spazio euclideo an dimensioni aventi un campo tangente concircolare

Letx:M ²→E ⁿ be the immersion of a surfaceM ² in ann-dimensional Euclidean space. Letj and μ be the canonical isomorphism defined by the metricg ofM ² and by the canonical volume element ofM ², respectively. IfM ² carries a concircular tangent vector fieldX. then the following properties are proved:

1. The gaussian curvatureK ofM ² is identically zero.
2. X defines an infinitesimal homothety onM ².
3. The vector field (j ^?1 o μ) (X) is a Killing vector field.

Further ifX is alsoconcurrent (in the sense of K. Yano and B. Y. Chen [3]), then the immersion is degenerate (all the Killing-Lipchitz curvatures associated withx vanish).     

Decentralized operation strategies for an integrated building energy system using a memetic algorithm

The emerging technology in net-zero building and smart grids drives research moving from centralized operation decisions on a single building to decentralized decisions on a group of buildings, termed a building cluster which shares energy resources locally and globally. However, current research has focused on developing an accurate simulation of single building energy usage which limits its application to building clusters as scenarios such as energy sharing and competition cannot be modeled and studied. We hypothesize that the study of energy usage for a group of buildings instead of one single building will result in a cost effective building system which in turn will be resilient to power disruption. To this end, this paper develops a decision model based on a building cluster simulator with each building modeled by energy consumption, storage and generation sub modules. Assuming each building is interested in minimizing its energy cost, a bi-level operation decision framework based on a memetic algorithm is proposed to study the tradeoff in energy usage among the group of buildings. Two additional metrics, measuring the comfort level and the degree of dependencies on the power grid are introduced for the analysis. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed framework is capable of deriving the Pareto solutions for the building cluster in a decentralized manner. The Pareto solutions not only enable multiple dimensional tradeoff analysis, but also provide valuable insight for determining pricing mechanisms and power grid capacity.     

Spontaneous generation of chirality and chiroptical spectra of N-nitroso-2,4-diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes

The crystal structures of several bicyclic N-nitrosamines indicate that they crystallize in the chiral (Sohncke) space group P2₁2₁2₁ as conglomerates. This allows the resolution of these compounds by manual picking of the enantiomorphous crystals. The optical activity of the single crystals was confirmed by their CD spectra taken in KBr disks. The absolute configurations of the title nitrosamines were assigned by crystallographic measurements and by a comparison of their CD spectra with those of a reference compound resolved by classical methods. The observed Cotton effect signs, corresponding to the n–π¹ transition, were correlated with the helicity of the inherently chiral nitrosamine chromophore.