Evidence for a wide extra-astrocytic distribution of S100B in human brain

Background  

S100B is considered an astrocytic in-situ marker and protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum are often used as biomarker for astrocytic damage or dysfunction. However, studies on S100B in the human brain are rare. Thus, the distribution of S100B was studied by immunohistochemistry in adult human brains to evaluate its cell-type specificity.     

PM-IRRAS mapping of ultrathin molecular films with high spatial resolution

Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) is a very sensitive technique to characterize the degree of molecular ordering in thin films on metallic surfaces. This is the first report of the coupling of a PM-IRRAS microscope to a free electron laser (FEL), a light source of highest brilliance. Some FELs emit in the infrared region and permit the mapping of molecular properties at high lateral resolution. We studied the molecular orientation of octadecanephosphonic acid (OPA) attached to a gold surface with microstructured aluminum oxide islands on the gold. The spatial resolution achieved is 12 μm which corresponds to the diffraction limit of the infrared light used in this study. This is a substantial improvement compared to previous studies using a PM-IRRA accessory together with a commercial Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, where the lateral resolution is noise-limited rather than diffraction-limited. The spectral maps reveal that OPA is preferably attached to the aluminum oxide islands via the bidentate binding mode whereas the tridentate mode is dominating in case of OPA attached to the gold areas.     

Untersuchung von Fleisch, Fleischextrakt und Wurstwaren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Sequences with constant number of return words

An infinite word has the property R _m if every factor has exactly m return words. Vuillon showed that R ₂ characterizes Sturmian words. We prove that a word satisfies R _m if its complexity function is (m ? 1)n + 1 and if it contains no weak bispecial factor. These conditions are necessary for m = 3, whereas for m = 4 the complexity function need not be 3n + 1. A new class of words satisfying R _m is given.     

2-Acetamino-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin—lysine hybrids as hexosaminidase inhibitors

Cyclisation by double reductive amination of 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-d-xylo-hexos-5-ulose with N-2 protected l-lysine derivatives provided 2-acetamino-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin derivatives without any observable epimer formation at C-5. Modifications on the lysine moiety gave access to lipophilic derivatives that exhibited improved hexosaminidase inhibitory activities.