Stratified flow boiling heat transfer study of a HFC/HC refrigerant mixture in smooth horizontal tubes

The flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of R-134a/R-290/R-600a (91%:4.068%:4.932% by mass) refrigerant mixture are experimentally arrived in two tubes of diameter 9.52 and 12.7 mm. The tests are conducted to target the varied heat flux condition and stratified flow pattern found in evaporators of refrigerators and deep freezers. The varied heat flux condition is imposed on the refrigerant using a coaxial counter-current heat exchanger test section. The experiments are performed for mass flow rates of the refrigerant mixture between 3 and 5 g s⁻¹ and entry temperature between −8.59 and 5.33°C which are bubble temperatures corresponding to a pressure of 3.2 and 5 bar. The influences of heat flux, mass flow rate, pressure, flow pattern, tube diameter on the heat transfer coefficient are discussed. The profound effects of nucleate boiling prevailing even at higher vapor qualities in evaporators are highlighted. The heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant mixture is also compared with that of R-134a.     

Coordination chemistry and biological activity of two tridentate ONS and NNS Schiff bases derived from S-benzyldithiocarbazate

Two tridentate Schiff bases having ONS and NNS donor sequences were prepared by condensing S-benzyldithiocarbazate (NH₂NHCSSCH₂Ph) (SBDTC) with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde and salicylaldehyde, respectively. Complexes of these ligands with Ni^II, Zn^II, Cr^III, Co^II, Cu^II, and Sn^II were studied and characterized by elemental analyses and various physico-chemical techniques. Ni^II, Cu^II, Zn^II and Sn^II complexes were four-coordinate while the Cr^III, Sr^III and Co^III complexes were six-coordinate. The ONS Schiff base was moderately active against leukemia, while its zinc, antimony and cobalt complexes were strongly active against leukemic cells with DC₅₀ = 0.35–5.00.     

Photophysical Behaviour of Novel Quaternary Pyrenoyl Salts and Their Sensitivity Towards Bile Salt Micellization

The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of pyrene derivatives, N-(1-Pyrenoylmethyl) pyridinium bromide (PM-PB) and N-(1-Pyrenoylmethyl)-N,N,N-triethylammonium bromide (PM-TAB). The photophysical behavior of these molecules has been studied in various protic and aprotic solvents. Using steady state fluorescence intensity, fluorescence anisotropy and dynamic fluorescence lifetime studies, the sensitivity of these molecules towards the micellization process of bile salts has been monitored. These derivatives have been effectively used in estimating critical micellar concentration (CMC) of bile salt, sodium deoxycholate (NaDC).

     

Iron(III) bis-complexes of Schiff bases of S-methyldithiocarbazates: Synthesis,structure, spectral and redox properties and cytotoxicity

A series of iron(III) bis-complexes of the type [FeL₂]X 1-4 , X = OH⁻ ( 1 ), Cl^¯ ( 3 ), and FeCl₄^¯ ( 2 , 4 ), where LH is a tridentate (N,N,S) ligands such as N′-(1-pyridin-2-ylethylidene)-hydrazinecarbodithioic acid methyl ester ( HL1 ), N′-(phenylpyridin-2-ylmethylene)-hydrazinecarbodithioic acid methyl ester ( HL2 ), N′-quinolin-2-ylmethylene-hydrazinecarbodithioic acid methyl ester ( HL3 ), or N′-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-methylene)hydrazinecarbodithioic acid methyl ester ( HL4 ) has been isolated in moderate to good yields and completely characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity studies, and infrared and UV-visible spectral measurements. The single crystal X-ray structures of 1 , 2 and 4 revealed that two deprotonated tridentate (NNS) ligands are meridionally coordinated to constitute a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around iron(III). In acetonitrile solution, all the complexes show quasi-reversible Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox behavior. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the ligands HL1–HL4 (IC₅₀: HL1 , 64.5; HL2 , 51.0; HL3 , 124.0; HL4 , 45.0 μM at 24 h) and complexes 1–4 (IC₅₀: 1 , 84.5; 2 , 40.0; 3 , 168.5; 4 , 50.5 μM at 24 h) towards A549 lung cancer cell lines are similar to cisplatin (69.0 μM), revealing that free ligands cause cancer cell death with potency higher than the corresponding iron(III) complexes. Also, both the ligands and the complexes cause cell death mainly through apoptotic mode, as revealed by the observation of a higher percentage of apoptotic cells in acridine orange (AO)/ ethidium bromide (EB), and Annexin V-Cy3 stained cancer cells.     

Assessment of the effect of high ash content in pulverized coal combustion

The existing literature on CFD-based coal combustion modelling is applicable mainly for coals of low ash content and the calculations are done on an ash-free basis. In Indian coals, the ash content may be significantly higher, up to 40% or more. Studies reported in the literature show that the mineral matter in the coal may have a number of effects on the combustion characteristics. In the present study, a sensitivity analysis is performed, using the CFD code CFX of AEA Technology, on the likely effect of ash content on the char reactivity, oxygen diffusion rate for char combustion and on the radiative heat transfer parameters. The results show that the effect of enhanced char reactivity is negligible whereas reduced oxygen diffusion rates due to a thicker ash layer may result in a significant reduction in char oxidation rates with a resultant decrease in the peak temperature in the furnace. The global parameters such as the peak temperature and the flue gas temperature remain relatively insensitive to the presence of high ash content. These results are consistent with the experimental observations of Kurose et al. [R. Kurose, M. Ikeda, H. Makino, Combustion characteristics of high ash coal in pulverized coal combustion, J. Fuel 80 (2001) 1447–1455].     

Crystallographic report: (2,2′‐Bipyridyl)bis(ethanoldithiocarbamato)zinc(II)

Zn(meadtc)₂(2,2′‐bipy) is a ZnS₃N₂ chromophore with a distorted square pyramidal geometry. The IR band at 1002 cm^?1 and the bond valence sum value of 1.98 confirmed the monodentate dithiocarbamate in coordination. The non‐bonding Zn–S distance is 5.004(3) Å. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New complexes of iron(III), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) with 2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxalidene-2-aminophenol

Summary Fe^III, Co^II, Ni^II and Cu^II complexes of a new Schiff base, 2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxalidene-2-aminophenol (PTCAP), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements, and by u.v.-vis., i.r. and e.p.r. spectral observations. The studies indicate an octahedral structure for the complexes with the general formula [ML₂] (M = Co^II, Ni^II or Cu^II.; L = PTCAP) or [M′(OH)L₂] (M′ = Fe^III). The i.r. spectra suggest that the ligand acts as a tridentate (NNO) donor towards Co^II, Ni^II and Cu^II, and, in the Fe^III complex, one of the two ligand molecules acts as a bidentate (NO) donor and the other as a tridentate donor. The M?ssbauer spectrum of the Fe^III complex suggests the presence of a spin equilibrium at room temperature. Cyclic voltammograms are also recorded for the Cu^II and Fe^III complexes.     

Development of an HPLC Assay Method for Lenalidomide

Chromatographic separation of lenalidomide and its impurities was achieved on an Inertsil ODS-3 V column using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of buffer, acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio 80:8:12 v/v. Degradation studies were performed on bulk samples of lenalidomide subjected to 0.5 N hydrochloric acid, 0.5 N sodium hydroxide, 10% v/v hydrogen peroxide, heating to 60 °C and UV light at 254 nm. Degradation was observed only under base hydrolysis conditions. The developed LC method gave a mass balance close to 99.5%, proving it to be suitable for stability studies and was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.     

Coordination chemistry and biological activity of nickel(II) and copper(II) ion complexes with nitrogen–sulphur donor ligands derived from S-benzyldithiocarbazate (SBDTC)

A bidentate and a quadridentate Schiff base having NS and NNSS donor sequences were prepared by condensing S-benzyldithiocarbazate (NH₂NHCSSCH₂Ph) with 2,3-butanedione (1:1 and 1:2 mole ratio). Ni^II and Cu^II complexes of these ligands were studied and characterised by elemental analyses and various physico-chemical techniques. The nickel complexes, [Ni(NS)₂] and [Ni(SNNS)], were diamagnetic with square-planar and five-coordinate structures, respectively. The copper complex was, however, pentacoordinated. The ligands and the complexes were screened for anticancer activity against T-lymphoblastic leukemic cells (CEM-SS) and colon cancer cells (HT-29). The NS Schiff base was strongly active against leukemic cells with a CD₅₀ value of 2.05 g cm^–3. The nickel and copper complexes were found to be stronger antioxidants than Vitamin E.