Approximation in weighted Hardy spaces

This paper is concerned with several approximation problems in the weighted Hardy spacesH ^p(Ω) of analytic functions in the open unit disc D of the complex plane ℂ. We prove that ifX is a relatively closed subset of D, the class of uniform limits onX of functions inH ^p(Ω) coincides, moduloH ^p(Ω), with the space of uniformly continuous functions on a certain hull ofX which are holomorphic on its interior. We also solve the simultaneous approximation problems of describing Farrell and Mergelyan sets forH ^p(Ω), giving geometric characterizations for them. By replacing approximating polynomials by polynomial multipliers of outer functions, our results lead to characterizations of the same sets with respect to cyclic vectors in the classical Hardy spacesH ^p(D), 1 ⪯p < ∞. Dedicated to Professor Nácere Hayek on the occasion of his 75th birthday.     

Variations of constants and red-shift in 6D cosmology

On the basis of the general class of solutions of 6D vacuum Einstein equations and using well-known results of the 6D geometric model of electroweak and gravitational interactions, the variations of fundamental physical constants and their influence on the observed red-shift of galaxies are investigated. By considering the interpretation of extra components of the 6D metric as reproducing the properties of matter in the 4D curved space-time, the effective quantities of matter are obtained. In particular, the states of dust and radiation are shown. The corresponding 5D models were also investigated.     

Unreasonable effectiveness of symmetry in physics

We prove that in some reasonable sense, every possible physical law can be reformulated in terms of symmetries. This result explains the well-known success of the group-theoretic approach in physics.     

Enumeration of three-dimensional convex polygons

A self-avoiding polygon (SAP) on a graph is an elementary cycle. Counting SAPs on the hypercubic lattice ℤ ^d withd≥2, is a well-known unsolved problem, which is studied both for its combinatorial and probabilistic interest and its connections with statistical mechanics. Of course, polygons on ℤ ^d are defined up to a translation, and the relevant statistic is their perimeter. A SAP on ℤ ^d is said to beconvex if its perimeter is “minimal”, that is, is exactly twice the sum of the side lengths of the smallest hyper-rectangle containing it. In 1984, Delest and Viennot enumerated convex SAPs on the square lattice [6], but no result was available in a higher dimension. We present an elementar approach to enumerate convex SAPs in any dimension. We first obtain a new proof of Delest and Viennot's result, which explains combinatorially the form of the generating function. We then compute the generating function for convex SAPs on the cubic lattice. In a dimension larger than 3, the details of the calculations become very cumbersome. However, our method suggests that the generating function for convex SAPs on ℤ ^d is always a quotient ofdifferentiably finite power series.     

Preparation and Eh--pH diagrams of Fe(II)--Fe(III) green rust compounds; hyperfine interaction characteristics and stoichiometry of hydroxy-chloride, -sulphate and -carbonate

Fe(II)--Fe(III) hydroxy-chloride, -sulphate and -carbonate were prepared by oxidation of a ferrous hydroxide precipitate in anion-containing aqueous solutions. The compounds are characterized by monitoring the redox potential E_h and the pH of stochiometric suspension vs time with the appropriate concentration ratios. X-ray diffraction allows us to characterize the crystal structure by distinguishing “green rust one” (GR1) from “green rust two” (GR2). Since green rusts (GRs) are of a pyroaurite-sjögrenite-like structure, i.e., consisting of intercalated foreign anions and water molecules in the interlayers between the brucite-like layers of Fe(OH)₂, their chemical formulae can be determined from the Mössbauer spectra. Three quadrupole doublets are observed: D₁ and D₂ correspond to a ferrous state with isomershift IS of about 1.27 mm s^-1 and quadrupole splittings QS of about 2.85 and 2.60 mm s^-1, respectively, whereas D₃ corresponds to a ferric state with IS and QS of about 0.4 mm s^-1. The hyperfine parameters of these doublets are similar from one green rust to another but their intensity ratios vary considerably. Finally, E_h and pH equilibrium diagrams of the Fe species in the presence of chloride, sulphate and carbonate anions contained within the water solution are drawn and the thermodynamic conditions of existence and degrees of oxidation of green rusts are discussed.     

Analysis of semiconducting materials by high-resolution radiofrequency glow discharge mass spectrometry

The analytical capabilities of a high-resolution mass spectrometer in combination with a 13.56 MHz glow discharge ion source for the analysis of semiconducting materials (silicon carbide and gallium arsenide) were studied. It was shown that single positively charged ions of sample material have about 10 eV higher average energy than the ions of the discharge and residual gas. Therefore effective energy separation of the ions of analyte from the ions of the discharge and residual gas was achieved by adjusting the ion transfer optics (breadth and position of energy slit), which improves the analytical capabilities of the developed method.Some analytical applications are presented to illustrate the performance of r.f. GDMS for the bulk analysis of semiconducting materials. The results of the trace element analysis of gallium arsenide and silicon carbide samples are compared with data of independent methods (LIMS, ICP-AES, SIMS).Dedicated to Professor Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h.c. Hubertus Nickel on the occasion of his 65th birthdayOn leave from the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia     

Universality in some classical Coulomb systems of restricted dimension

Coulomb systems in which the particles interact through thed-dimensional Coulomb potential but are confined in a flat manifold of dimensiond–1 are considered. The actual Coulomb potential acting is defined by particular boundary conditions involving a characteristic macroscopic distanceW in the direction perpendicular to the manifold: either it is periodic of periodW in that direction, or it vanishes on one ideal conductor wall parallel to the manifold at a distanceW from it, or it vanishes on two parallel walls at a distanceW from each other with the manifold equidistant from them. Under the assumptions that classical equilibrium statistical mechanics is applicable and that the system has the macroscopic properties of a conductor, it is shown that the suitably smoothed charge correlation function is universal, and that the free energy and the grand potential have universal dependences onW (universal means independent of the microscopic detail). The casesd=2 are discussed in detail, and the generic results are checked on an exactly solvable model. The cased=3 of a plane parallel to an ideal conductor is also explicitly worked out.Laboratoire associé au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-URA D0063.     

A hyperbolic three-phase flow model

We introduce a hyperbolic entropy-consistent model to describe three-phase flows, which ensures that void fractions, mass fractions and pressures remain positive through single waves occurring in the one dimensional solution of the Riemann problem. To cite this article: J.-M. Hérard, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006).