Initial Measurements of Plasma Potential in the Core of the MST Reversed Field Pinch with a Heavy Ion Beam Probe

Measurement of the plasma potential in the core of MST marks both the first interior potential measurements in an RFP, as well as the first measurements by a Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP) in an RFP. The HIBP has operated with (20-110) keV sodium beams in plasmas with toroidal currents of (200-480) kA over a wide range of densities and magnetic equilibrium conditions. A positive plasma potential is measured in the core, consistent with the expectation of rapid electron transport by magnetic fluctuations and the formation of an outwardly directed ambipolar radial electric field. Comparison between the radial electric field and plasma flow is underway to determine the extent to which equilibrium flow is governed by E×B. Measurements of potential and density fluctuations are also in progress.Unlike HIBP applications in tokamak plasmas, the beam trajectories in MST (RFP) are both three-dimensional and temporally dynamic with magnetic equilibrium changes associated with sawteeth. This complication offers new opportunity for magnetic measurements via the Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP). The ion orbit trajectories are included in a Grad-Shafranov toroidal equilibrium reconstruction, helping to measure the internal magnetic field and current profiles. Such reconstructions are essential to identifying the beam sample volume locations, and they are vital in MST's mission to suppress MHD tearing modes using current profile control techniques. Measurement of the electric field may be accomplished by combining single point measurements from multiple discharges, or by varying the injection angle of the beam during single discharges.The application of an HIBP on MST has posed challenges resulting in additional diagnostic advances. The requirement to keep ports small to avoid introducing magnetic field perturbations has led to the design and successful implementation of cross-over sweep systems. High levels of ultraviolet radiation are driving alternative methods of sweep plate operation. While, substantial levels of plasma flux into the HIBP diagnostic chambers has led to the use of magnetic plasma suppression.     

Structure-permeability relationships in silicone polymers

Permeability coefficients P for He, O₂, N₂, CO₂ CH₄, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, and C₃H₈ in 12 different silicone polymer membranes were determined at 35.0°C and pressures up to 9 atm. Values of P for CO₂, CH₄, and C₃H₈ were also determined at 10.0 and 55.0°C. In addition, mean diffusion coefficients D and solubility coefficients S were obtained for CO₂, CH₄, and C₃H₈ in 6 silicone polymers at 10.0, 35.0, and 55.0°C. Substitution of increasingly bulkier functional groups in the side and backbone chains of silicone polymers results in a significant decrease in P for a given penetrant gas. This is due mainly to a decrease in D , whereas S decreases to a much lesser extent. Backbone substitutions appear to have a somewhat lesser effect in depressing P than equivalent side-chain substitutions. The selectivity of a silicone membrane for a gas A relative to a gas B, i.e., the permeability ratio P (A)/P (B), may increase or decrease as a result of such substitutions, but only if the substituted groups are sufficiently bulky. The selectivity of the more highly permeable silicone membranes is controlled by the ratio S (A)/S (B), whereas the selectivity of the less permeable membranes depends on both the ratios D (A)/D (B) and S(A)/S(B). The permeability as well as the selectivity of one silicone membrane toward CO₂ were significantly enhanced by the substitution of a fluorine-containing side group that increased the solubility of CO₂ in that polymer.     

Prospecting Agro-waste Cocktail: Supplementation for Cellulase Production by a Newly Isolated Thermophilic <Emphasis Type="Italic">B. licheniformis</Emphasis> 2D55

Bacteria isolated from thermophilic environment that can produce cellulase as well as utilise agro-waste biomass have a high potential for developing thermostable cellulase required in the biofuel industry. The cost for cellulase represents a significant challenge in converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars for biofuel production. Among three potential bacteria examined, Bacillus licheniformis 2D55 (accession no. KT799651) was found to produce the highest cellulolytic activity (CMCase 0.33 U/mL and FPase 0.09 U/mL) at 18–24 h fermentation when grown on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a carbon source in shake flask at 50 °C. Cellulase production process was further conducted on the untreated and NaOH pretreated rice straw (RS), rice husk (RH), sugarcane bagasse (BAG) and empty fruit bunch (EFB). Untreated BAG produced the highest FPase (0.160 U/mL), while the highest CMCase (0.150 U/mL) was supported on the pretreated RH. The mixture of untreated BAG and pretreated RH as agro-waste cocktail has remarkably improved CMCase (3.7- and 1.4-fold) and FPase (2.5- and 11.5-fold) compared to the untreated BAG and pretreated RH, respectively. The mechanism of cellulase production explored through SEM analysis and the location of cellulase enzymes of the isolate was also presented. Agro-waste cocktail supplementation provides an alternative method for an efficient production of cellulase.     

A survey of experimental heat transfer data for nucleate pool boiling of liquid metals and a new correlation

The experimental data for heat transfer during nucleate pool boiling of saturated liquid metals on plain surfaces are surveyed and a new correlation is presented. The correlation is h = Cq^0.7p_r^m, where C and m are, respectively, 13.7 and 0.22 p_r < 0.001 and 6.9 and 0.12 for p_r > 0.001 (h is in W/m² K and q in W/m²). This correlation has been verified with data for K, Na, Cs, Li, and Hg from 17 sources over the reduced pressure (p_r) range of 4.3 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.8 × 10⁻². The correlation of Subbotin et al. was found unsatisfactory, but a modified correlation was developed that also gives good agreement with most of the data.     

Effect of Temperature on Cd2+ Sorption by Mixed Oxides of Iron and Silicon

The current study focuses on the synthesis and sorption properties of two mixed oxides of iron and silicon prepared by physical mixing (M₁) and sequential precipitation methods (M₂). Both the mixed oxides were synthesized from equimolar ratios of Fe(OH)₃ and SiO₂ and characterized for surface area, EDX, XRD and PZC. The surface area, micropore volume and average pore width of the oxide M₁ were higher as compared to the oxide M₂. However, potentiometric titrations revealed that mixed oxide synthesized by this method had a very high capacity towards Cd²⁺ ions as compared to the mixed oxide M₁. Sorption of Cd²⁺ ions at pH 5 on mixed oxide, M₂ was found to increase with temperature in the range 288 to 318 K. Langmuir equation was found applicable to the sorption data with R²>0.99. Entropy (ΔS^?), enthalpy (ΔH^?) and free energy changes (ΔG^?) were calculated which revealed the process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.