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11.
Summary The last incarnation of the doctrine of affinities, i.e. the electrodualistic chemistry, could not resist the confrontation with the experience in organic chemistry. A new concept is proposed, in order to express the facts and make them intelligible: the arrangement of atoms. The concept is analysed and its adequacy is valued with regard to that of affinity.  相似文献   
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Simultaneous application of UV light and ultrasonic irradiation to a reaction mixture containing 1-iodocyclohexene is reported. The irradiation of 1-iodocyclohexene in methanol was carried out with or without addition of zinc. The effect of ultrasound or mechanical stirring on this solid-liquid system was also compared. The irradiation of 1-iodocyclohexene in methanol in the presence of zinc increases the yield of the nucleophilic trapping product, compared with the yield after irradiation in the absence of zinc. The photodegradation of 1-iodocyclohexene was slightly accelerated after addition of zinc. A rapid formation of radical product was accompanied by substantial decrease of 1-iodocyclohexene after application of ultrasound and irradiation without the zinc. The ultrasound significantly affects the photobehaviour of this reaction, predominantly its radical route. The joint application of ultrasound and zinc contributes positively to the production of radical and ionic products. The sonochemical stirring is more effective than mechanical stirring.  相似文献   
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Ultra‐thin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells with an Al2O3 rear surface passivation layer between the rear contact and absorber layer frequently show a “roll‐over” effect in the J–V curve, lowering the open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current (JSC) and fill factor (FF), similar to what is observed for Na‐deficient devices. Since Al2O3 is a well‐known barrier for Na, this behaviour can indeed be interpreted as due to lack of Na in the CIGS absorber layer. In this work, applying an electric field between the backside of the soda lime glass (SLG) substrate and the SLG/rear‐contact interface is investi‐gated as potential treatment for such Na‐deficient rear surface passivated CIGS solar cells. First, an electrical field of +50 V is applied at 85 °C, which increases the Na concentration in the CIGS absorber layer and the CdS buffer layer as measured by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Subsequently, the field polarity is reversed and part of the previously added Na is removed. This way, the JV curve roll‐over related to Na deficiency disappears and the VOC (+25 mV), JSC(+2.3 mA/cm2) and FF (+13.5% absolute) of the rear surface passivated CIGS solar cells are optimized. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   
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Pd(II) caught in the act: The diaryl Pd(II) intermediate of a Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative biaryl bond formation proceeding via a double C-H bond activation has been isolated and fully characterized, including an X-ray crystal structure analysis. Stabilization due to chelation by adjacent pivaloyloxy and acetyl groups has allowed the isolation of this long-sought crucial intermediate. On gentle warming, the complex is transformed into a carbazole product, and the catalytically active Pd(II) species is regenerated by oxidation with Cu(II).  相似文献   
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Ohne Zusammenfassung
Analysis of pesticides and pesticide residues in the body
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A series of new tautomeric azonaphthols are synthesized and the possibilities for molecular switching are investigated using molecular spectroscopy, X‐ray analysis and density functional theory quantum chemical calculations. Two opposite effects that influence switching are studied: attaching a piperidine sidearm, and adding substituents to the phenyl ring. On the one hand, the attached piperidine moiety stabilizes the enol form leading to a controlled shift of the equilibrium upon protonation. On the other hand, the relative stability of the azonaphthol tautomers strongly depends on the effects of the substituents on the phenyl ring: electron donors tend to stabilize the enol tautomer, whereas electron acceptors lead to stabilization of the keto form. However, these effects do not shift fully the equilibrium towards either of the tautomers. Nevertheless, the effect of the substituents can be an additional tool to affect the switching between “on” and “off” states. Electron‐withdrawing substituents stabilize the keto form and impede switching to the off state, whereas electron donors stabilize the enol form. The effect of the piperidine unit is dominant overall, and with strongly electron‐withdrawing substituents at the phenyl ring, the enol form exists as a zwitterion.  相似文献   
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Lindera umbellata (Lu) essential oil primarily contains linalool and has relaxation properties. We investigated the psychological and antibacterial effects of footbath with Lu essential oil. The participants included 20 women without medical history and received two intervention plans: footbath without any essential oil and footbath using Lu essential oil. Next, questionnaires regarding impressions and mood states were provided for them to answer. In addition, their autonomic nervous system activity was measured, and the aerobic viable of count on the feet was determined. The high-frequency value reflecting the parasympathetic nervous system activity significantly increased after footbath using Lu essential oil. In the questionnaire about the mood states, the subscale scores of tension–anxiety, depression, fatigue, and confusion after intervention were lower than those before intervention regardless of the use of the essential oil. Conversely, the anger–hostility score decreased only in the group using Lu essential oil. Furthermore, the decrease in aerobic viable count after intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. Footbath using Lu essential oil increased the parasympathetic nervous system activity and relieved anger. Taken together, we suggest that footbath using Lu essential oil has a relaxation effect.  相似文献   
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