Synthesis and photo physical properties of Au @ Ag (core @ shell) nanoparticles disperse in poly vinyl alcohol matrix

Synthesis of core @ shell (Au @ Ag) nanoparticle with varying silver composition has been carried out in aqueous poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Core gold nanoparticle (~15 nm) has been synthesized through seed-mediated growth process. Synthesis of silver shell with increasing thickness (~1–5 nm) has been done by reducing Ag⁺ over the gold sol in the presence of mild reducing ascorbic acid. Characterization of Au @ Ag nanoparticles has been done by UV–Vis, High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic study. The blue shift of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band with increasing mole fraction of silver has been interpreted due to dampening of core, i.e. Au SPR by Ag. The dependence of nonlinear optical response of spherical core @ shell nanoparticles has been investigated as a function of relative composition of each metal. Simulation of SPR extinction spectra based on quasi-static theory is done. A comparison of our experimental and the simulated extinction spectra using quasi-static theory of nanoshell suggests that our synthesized bimetallic particles have core @ shell structure rather than bimetallic alloy particles.     

Gold nanoparticle induced conformational changes in heme protein

Change of α-helical structure of heme protein (Hb) to a β-sheet and random coil conformation because of the interaction of glycine capped gold nanoparticles (20–60 nm) as observed from attenuation total reflectance, absorption, Fourier transform infra red, and Circular Dichroism spectroscopy has been reported in this article. Upon interaction, protein takes a cylindrical shape of length 12 μm and diameter 0.35 μm as revealed from scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The Selected-Area Electron beam Diffraction pattern shows change of crystalline structure in GNP to amorphous nature with the interaction of Hb.     

Molecular conformation and liquid structure of 2-propanol through neutron diffraction

The neutron diffraction data analysis of deuterated liquid 2-propanol at room temperature to define its molecular conformation is presented. 2-Propanol being a large molecule with twelve atomic sites, the conformation analysis is tricky and an improved method of data analysis is given. The intermolecular structural correlations, i.e., hydrogen-bonded liquid structure, can be modelled accurately to extract the nature of the average hydrogen-bonded molecular association in liquid state at room temperature. Like other alcohols these are mostly hexamer ring chain (HRC) clusters. The cluster analysis of recent X-ray data available in the literature also support the same liquid structure.     

Second law analysis of a cyclic regenerator in presence of longitudinal heat conduction in matrix

The present analysis gives an account of exergy destruction in regenerative heat exchangers used in cryogenic applications from the view point of Second Law of Thermodynamics. Unlike the previous studies, the present work considers the solid storage matrix with temperature variation along both spatial and temporal co-ordinates. The present analysis also considers the effect of matrix longitudinal heat conduction on the Second Law behaviour. Finite longitudinal conductivity, which results from the distribution of temperature in the matrix, acts as a major non-ideality associated with the analyses done so far. The present analysis shows that the introduction of longitudinal conduction ensures the optimization of charging period for the regenerator. This makes it possible to optimize the regenerator performance globally to produce optimum combination of N _tu and charging time. It is also observed that a decrease in longitudinal conductivity reduces the optimum charging time. Thus the non-existence of thermodynamic optima at the absence of longitudinal conduction is explained adequately. Received on 12 May 1998     

均匀自由流动的非牛顿流体中连续表面上的磁流体动力学流动和热传递

分析在平行自由流动的非牛顿黏弹性导电流体中,连续平展表面移动时的稳态流和热传递特性,该流动处于横向均匀磁场作用下.以二阶流体构建它的本构方程,得到了速度分布和温度断面图的数值结果.讨论了诸如黏弹性参数、磁场参数和Prandtl数等不同物理参数对诸种动量和热传递特性的影响,并给出相关图示.     

Theory of nuclear quadrupole interactions in aluminum and copper metals in presence of muon

The electric field gradients at²⁷Al and⁶³Cu nuclei which are nearest neighbors to the muon in the face-centered cubic metals aluminum and copper, with muon at an octahedral interstitial site, are studied. The electron density fluctuations needed for the evaluation of the electronic, or valence, contributions to field gradients are taken from earlier investigations involving the spherical solid approximation. The enhancement factors a that have to be applied to the electric field-gradients obtained from these approximations, due to the departures of the electronic wave-functions from plane-wave character, and the incorporation of antishielding effects, have been obtained for both APW and OPW approaches to the conduction electron wave-functions and good agreement is found between the results by the two approaches. Size effects due to the lattice distortion associated with the presence of the muon are included through actual point ion summations using available calculated displacements of the ions surrounding the muon. The valence contributions are the dominant ones but the size effect contributions are also significant. The net field-gradient obtained for the²⁷Al site is significantly smaller than experiment while that for⁶³Cu is substantially larger than experiment. Possible sources that could lead to better agreement with experiment are discussed and it is concluded that major improvement is needed in the valence effect contributions in both metals.     

Characterization of polynomials and divided difference

For distinct points x₁,x₂,…,x_n in ℛ (the reals), letϕ[x₁, x₂,…,x_n] denote the divided difference ofϕ. In this paper, we determine the general solutionϕ,g: ℛ → ℛ of the functional equationϕ[x₁,x₂,…,x_n] =g(x₁,+ x₂ + … + x_n) for distinct x₁,x₂,…, x_n in ℛ without any regularity assumptions on the unknown functions.     

Modified complex method for constrained design and optimization of optical multilayer thin-film devices

A new computer design program based on the modified-complex method has been developed for constrained optimization and refinement of optical thin-film multilayer devices. This program is having a provision to include both limiting constraints as well as constraint equations. Constraints are suitably accommodated to generate designs which are practicable and withstand high laser power. Various rapid convergent processes like dynamic contraction and expansion of feasible vertices are incorporated for efficient scanning of the constraint parametric space. A broad band IR antireflection coating has been designed to test its relative efficiency with respect to other available methods. A wide varieties of highly useful multilayer devices have been successfully developed using this method.     

Temperature effects on the structure of liquid D-methanol through neutron diffraction

The study of changes in the structure (H-bonded) of liquid alcohols at elevated temperatures is rare probably due to low flash points of these liquids. An indigenously devised special quartz cell is now used to carry out the structural studies of these liquids at elevated temperatures through neutron diffraction. Here, the liquid consists of deuterated methanol and neutron data was collected on the high-Q diffractometer at Dhruva, BARC. The corrected data at elevated temperatures (BP (boiling point) and double the BP) show that there is a large change in the H-bonded structure of this liquid. The pre-peak or hump, known to be signature of H-bonded clusters appears to be present at all the three temperatures studied. In the low-Q (scattering vector) data Ornstein Zernike (OZ) behaviour is also observed. It is, however, seen that the intramolecular structure does not change very much at higher temperatures. A detailed model analysis is in progress and would be reported later.