The Supposition for the Kochen and Specker Theorem Using Sum rule and Product rule

We investigate a hidden-variable theory introduced by Kochen and Specker. The “hidden” results of measurements are either 1 or − 1. We suppose the validity of Sum rule and Product rule. Kochen and Specker suppose the two operations Sum rule and Product rule commute with each other. It is shown that the two operations Sum rule and Product rule do not commute with each other when we want to avoid the Kochen and Specker paradox. Otherwise we encounter the Kochen and Specker paradox. We mention the supposition for Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger paradox. It is discussed that only Product rule is necessary for the paradox. We give up the two paradoxes if (1) Sum rule and Product rule do not commute with each other and (2) Product rule is not valid.

     

Total Synthesis of the 7,10‐Epimer of the Proposed Structure of Amphidinolide N,Part II: Synthesis of C17–C29 Subunit and Completion of the Synthesis

The total synthesis of 7,10‐epimer of the proposed structure of amphidinolide N was accomplished. The requisite chiral C17–C29 subunit was assembled stereoselectively via Keck allylation, Shi epoxidation, diastereoselective 1,3‐reduction, and a later oxidative synthesis of the THF framework. The C1–C13 and C17–C29 subunits were successfully coupled using a Enders RAMP “linchpin” as the C14–C16 three carbon unit, thereby controlling the chirality at C14 and C16. The labile allyl epoxy moiety was successfully constructed by Grieco–Nishizawa olefination at a final stage of the synthesis.     

Jet ejection from droplets near the Leidenfrost temperature

Abstract  

Droplets impinging on a hot surface that is near the Leidenfrost temperature were experimentally investigated. Ejection of jets from the top of the droplet was observed during the transient interaction between the droplet and a hot wall. We term this phenomenon jet ejection from droplets. When the bottom of the droplet initially impacts the hot surface, a jet is to be ejected from the top of the droplet. The jet ejection occurred only at low impact velocities and around the wetting limit temperature. It was not observed when droplets were dropped from large heights or when the surface was at a high temperature.     

Synthesis of Telechelic Polystyrene by Radical Polymerization Using 1,4-Bis(p-tert-Butylphenylseleno-Methyl)benzene as a Photoiniferter

Abstract

1,4-Bis(p-tert-butylphenylselenomethyl) benzene was synthesized, and used as a bifunctional photoiniferter for the polymerization of styrene. Both the polymer yields and the number average of molecular weights (_n) of polymers increased with the polymerization. The polymerization of styrene by this iniferter permitted telechelic polystyrene containing arylseleno groups at both chain ends, and the degree of functionality was 1.9. The seleno groups of both chain ends of polystyrene were reduced quantitatively by tri-n-butyltin hydride. These seleno groups in polystyrene were also eliminated by treatment with hydrogen peroxide to give telechelic polystyrene with carbon-carbon double bond at both chain ends. Further, polystyrene with double bonds was converted to telechelic polystyrene carrying terminal functional groups as epoxy, hydroxy, and iodide group, respectively.

     

DNA sensor: A novel electrochemical gene detection method using carbon electrode immobilized DNA probes

Abstract

The authors have developed a novel, rapid, convenient, and specific gene detection method, named the ‘DNA sensor,’ using a graphite electrode loaded with DNA probes. Synthesized oligonucleotide (5-TGCAGTTCCGGTGGCTGATC-3′) complementary to oncogene v-myc was employed for a model probe. The oligonucleotide was chemically adsorbed on a basal plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG) electrode. The sensor was able to be applied to a hybridization reaction (40°C) in a linearized pVM623 solution carrying the Pst I fragment of v-myc (1.5 kbp).

After the hybridization reaction, the sensor was immersed into an acridine orange solution (1 μM) and washed with a phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Acridine orange intercalated between base pairs of the formed double stranded DNAs on the electrode. The anodic peak potential of acridine orange that interacted with the DNAs on the electrode was measured. The positive shift of the peak potential increased in proportional to the pVM623 concentration in the hybridization reaction. 10^?1 g/ml of pVM623 was able to be detected in the buffer solution using the sensor. This gene detection was completed within an hour.     

Biosynthetic Conclusions from the Functional Dissection of Oxygenases for Biosynthesis of Actinorhodin and Related Streptomyces Antibiotics

1. Download : Download high-res image (332KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? ActVA-ORF5 is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase required for actinorhodin biosynthesis ? ActVA-ORF5 and its three close homologs were functionally dissected ? ActVA-ORF5 and Gra-21 are bifunctional at C-6/C-8, while Med-7 acts only for C-6 ? AlnT exhibits different regiospecificity for oxidation of tricyclic substrates