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941.
Tanaka K 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2012,17(2):1408-1418
Stereoselective photodimerization of coumarin and its derivatives in supra-molecular systems is reviewed. The enantioselective photodimerization of coumarin and thiocoumarin in inclusion crystals with optically active host compounds is also described. 相似文献
942.
T Iida R Hashimoto K Aikawa S Ito K Mikami 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2012,51(38):9535-9538
Double agent: The direct α-difluoromethylation of lithium enolates using an umpolung form of fluoroform as a difluoromethyl carbocation equivalent leads to an all-carbon quaternary center. Late transition metals are not necessary and the reaction involves activation of inert C?F bonds with subsequent C?C bond formation. 相似文献
943.
944.
Yang L Cappel UB Unger EL Karlsson M Karlsson KM Gabrielsson E Sun L Boschloo G Hagfeldt A Johansson EM 《Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP》2012,14(2):779-789
Two hole conductor materials, spiro-OMeTAD and P3HT, were compared in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Two organic dyes containing one anchor unit (D35) or two anchor units (M3) were used in the comparison. Absorbed photon to current conversion efficiency close to unity was obtained for the devices with spiro-OMeTAD. Energy conversion efficiencies of 4.7% and 4.9% were measured for the devices with spiro-OMeTAD and the dyes D35 and M3, respectively. For the devices using the P3HT hole conductor the results were rather different comparing the two dye molecules, with energy conversion efficiencies of 3.2% and 0.5% for D35 and M3, respectively. Photo-induced absorption measurements suggest that the regeneration of the dyes, and the polymer infiltration, is not complete using P3HT, while spiro-OMeTAD regenerates the dyes efficiently. However, the TiO(2)/D35/P3HT system shows rather high energy conversion efficiency and electrochemical oxidation of the dyes on TiO(2) indicates that D35 have a more efficient dye to dye hole conduction than M3, which thereby might explain the higher performance. The dye hole conduction may therefore be of significant importance for optimizing the energy conversion in such hybrid TiO(2)/dye/polymer systems. 相似文献
945.
Aoki S Honda Y Kikuchi T Miura T Sugawara R Yaoita Y Kikuchi M Machida K 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》2012,60(2):251-256
Six new secoiridoid constituents, named isoligustrosidic acid (1), 6'-O-trans-cinnamoyl 8-epikingisidic acid (2), 6'-O-cis-cinnamoyl 8-epikingisidic acid (3), oleopolynuzhenide A (4), nuzhenals A (5) and B (6) were isolated from the dried fruits of Ligustrum lucidum AIT. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral and chemical data. 相似文献
946.
Martensitic transformations are extensively influenced by external fields, such as temperature and uniaxial stress, in transformation temperatures, crystallography and amount and morphology of the product martensites. Therefore, to clarify the effect of external fields on martensitic transformations it is very important to understand the essential problems of the transformation, such as thermodynamics, kinetics and the origin of the transformation, whose information is naturally useful in technological applications using the transformation. Magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure are important in such external fields because there exist some significant differences in magnetic moment and atomic volume between the parent and martensitic states. In the present paper, therefore, we summarizz the effects of magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure on martensitic transfonnations in some ferrous and non-ferrous alloys by referring to past and recent works made by our group and many other researchers. The transformation start temperatures of all the ferrous alloys examined increase with increasing magnetic field, but those of non-ferrous alloys, such as Ti-Ni and Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys, are not affected. On the other hand, the transformation start temperature decreases with increasing hydrostatic pressure in some ferrous alloys, but increases in Cu-Al-Ni alloys. The magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure dependencies of the martensitic start temperature are in good agreement with those calculated by our proposed equations. During investigations of ferrous Fe-Ni-Co-Ti shape memory alloy, we found that a magnetoelastic martensitic transformation appears and, in addition, several martensite plates grow nearly parallel to the direction of the applied magnetic field in a specimen of Fe-Ni alloy single crystal. We further found that the isothermal process in Fe-Ni-Mn alloy changes to athermal under a magnetic field and the athermal process changes to isothermal under hydrostatic pressure. Based on these facts, a phenomenological theory has been constructed, which unifies the two transformation processes. 相似文献
947.
We study the properties of neutron stars using the chiral quark–meson coupling model, in which the quark–quark hyperfine interaction due to the exchanges of gluon and pion based on chiral symmetry is considered. We also examine the effects of hyperons and Δ-isobars in a neutron star. Extending the SU(6) spin-flavor symmetry to more general SU(3) flavor symmetry in the vector–meson couplings to baryons, the maximum mass of neutron star can reach the recently observed massive pulsar mass, ${1.97 \pm 0.04 M_{\odot}}$ . In this calculation, Λ and Ξ are generated in a neutron star, while Σ and Δ-isobars do not appear. 相似文献
948.
Koichi Nishimura Shunsuke Takenaka Shigekazu Kusabayashi 《Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals》2013,570(3-4):347-352
Summary-1,3,5-Tricholesteryloxycarbonyloxy(I), 1,3,5-tri-β-sitosteryloxycarbonyl(II). and 1,3,5-tricholesteryloxycarbonylbenzene(III) form mesophases, presumably the discotic cholesteric phase. 相似文献
949.
Michiko Narazaki Yoko Kanazawa Sachiko Koike Koichi Ando Hiroo Ikehira 《Magnetic resonance imaging》2013
17O magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a conventional pulse sequence was explored as a method of quantitative imaging towards regional oxygen consumption rate measurement for tumor evaluation in mice. At 7 T, fast imaging with steady state (FISP) was the best among gradient echo, fast spin echo and FISP for the purpose. The distribution of natural abundance H217O in mice was visualized under spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 mm2 by FISP in 10 min. The signal intensity by FISP showed a linear relationship with 17O quantity both in phantom and mice. Following the injection of 5% 17O enriched saline, 17O re-distribution was monitored in temporal resolution down to 5 sec with an image quality sufficient to distinguish each organ. The image of labeled water produced from inhaled 17O2 gas was also obtained. The present method provides quantitative 17O images under sufficient temporal and spatial resolution for the evaluation of oxygen consumption rate in each organ. Experiments using various model compounds of R-OH type clarified that the signal contribution of body constituents other than water in the present in vivo17O FISP image was negligible. 相似文献
950.
We investigate the behavior of Arnoldi's method for Hermitian matrices in the case of inexact vector operations. A special purpose variant of Gram Schmidt orthogonalization is introduced which computes a nearly orthogonal Krylov subspace basis and additionally implicitly provides an exactly orthogonal basis. In the second part we perform a backward error analysis and show that the exactly orthogonal basis satisfies a Krylov relation for a perturbed system matrix. The norm of the backward error is shown to be on the level of the accuracy of the vector operations. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献