Characterization of spilled oils by measuring fluorescence emission spectra of fractions separated by high-speed gel-permeation chromatography

Summary Fluorescence emission spectra of oil fractions separated by high-speed gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) were measured to characterize the oils spilled into the environment. Crude oils, weathered crude oils, and tar balls were analysed. In GPC, polystyrene gel and tetrahydrofuran were used as a stationary phase and a mobile phase, respectively; the eluate was separated into five equi-volume fractions. Fluorescence emission spectra of the fractions were obtained at an excitation wavelength of 340 nm. Maximum emission wavelength, relative emission intensity at 386 nm, and emission intensity ratio (440 nm/386 nm) on the spectra of fractions were studied as identification parameters. The change of the identification parameters with weathering the crude oil (Murban) was small. The proposed method was applied to the characterization of tar balls sampled in the sea near Japan.

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Charakterisierung von Ölverschmutzungen durch Auswertung der Fluorescenz-Emissionsspektren von Fraktionen, die durch Hochgeschwindigkeits-Gelpermeations-Chromatographie getrennt wurden

Zusammenfassung Rohöle, verwitterte Rohöle sowie Teerballen wurden untersucht. Bei der Chromatographie wurde Polystyrolgel als stationäre und Tetrahydrofuran als mobile Phase verwendet. Das Eluat wurde in fünf Fraktionen gleichen Volumens getrennt. Für die Fluorescenzmessung wurde eine Anregungswellenlänge von 340 nm benutzt. Als Identifizierungsparameter dienten die maximale Emissionswellenlänge, die relative Emissionsintensität bei 386 nm sowie das Verhältnis der Emissionsintensitäten bei 440/386 nm. Die Veränderung der Parameter bei der Verwitterung (Murban-Öl) war nur gering. Die Methode wurde zur Charakterisierung von Teerballen angewendet, die aus dem Meer in der Nähe Japans entnommen worden waren.

     

Renormalization group equation in a theory with spontaneously broken symmetry and decoupling of heavy scalar particles

Renormalization group equations for light-particle processes are examined in a simple spontaneously broken symmetry theory (SBT) for energy-momentum far below a heavy scalar particle threshold. The results confirm the generalized decoupling theorem for SBT with the introduction of a new effective coupling constant.     

An effective lagrangian for multiphoton processes and a non-linear Born-Infeld lagrangian

An effective lagrangian for multiphoton processes (of Euler-Heisenberg type) is computed for an electromagnetic field interacting with massive scalar, fermion and vector particles. It is found that if the charges g_I, masses m_I and numbers N_I of massive particles satisfy the “supersymmetric” conditions, N_Sm_S⁴+3N_Vm_V⁴?2N_Fm_F⁴=0 and g_I²/m_I⁴ is I-independent, where I=S, F, V stands for scalars, fermions and vectors respectively, then not only quartic divergences (poles at n=0 in dimensional regularization) proportional to constant terms cancel out but also maximally helicity changing interaction terms vanish in the effective lagrangian. A possibility to relate a non-linear Born-Infeld lagrangian to the effective lagrangian is examined.     

Infrared Spectroscopic Study on Adsorption of Acetonitrile from Solution onto Several Oxide Surfaces at High Pressure

Adsorption of acetonitrile from toluene solution at a liquid-solid interface under pressures of up to 300 MPa was investigated by IR spectroscopy. The CN stretching vibration bands (v_CN) of adsorbed acetonitrile were observed at higher frequencies than those of the same species in the liquid phase. The shift on alumina-pillared montmorillonite (ALPM) was the largest (ca. 8 cm^-1) for the adsorbents studied. The v_CN intensities of adsorbed acetonitrile on ALPM and on alumina (Al₂O₃) considerably increased with increased pressure, indicating an increase acetonitrile adsorption due to compression. It was concluded that the total volume of the system was reduced by adsorption, and that the reduction was brought about not only by the formation of an adsorption bond but also by the change in the solvation of the adsorbate in the adsorbent pore.