Long-range acoustic scattering from a shallow-water mud-volcano cluster

Analysis of reverberation measurements in the Straits of Sicily shows high intensity, discrete, scattered returns 10-20 dB above background reverberation. These returns are due to scattering from mud volcanoes. The reverberation from the mud volcanoes at ranges of 15-22 km is reasonably consistent over these spatial scales (i.e., kilometers) and temporal scales of several hours; measurements separated by 4 years are also similar. Statistical characterization indicates that the reverberation associated with a mud-volcano cluster is strongly non-Rayleigh and that the reverberation can be characterized by a single (shape) parameter, roughly independent of frequency. The non-Rayleigh statistics, with a concomitant increase in the probability of false alarm, indicate that mud volcanoes are a likely source of clutter. Mean target strengths were estimated at 1-11 dB over 160-1400 Hz and are consistent with target strengths measured during a different year at short (direct-path) ranges. Accumulated evidence points to small (order 10 m diameter and several meters high) carbonate chimneys on the mud-volcano edifice as the scattering mechanism as opposed to the edifice itself or scattering from gas bubbles in the water column. Thus, the results represent acoustic scattering from mud volcanoes in a quiescent state.     

Near-specular acoustic scattering from a buried submarine mud volcano

Submarine mud volcanoes are objects that form on the seafloor due to the emission of gas and fluidized sediment from the Earth's interior. They vary widely in size, can be exposed or buried, and are of interest to the underwater acoustics community as potential sources of active sonar clutter. Coincident seismic reflection data and low frequency bistatic scattering data were gathered from one such buried mud volcano located in the Straits of Sicily. The bistatic data were generated using a pulsed piston source and a 64-element horizontal array, both towed over the top of the volcano. The purpose of this work was to appropriately model low frequency scattering from the volcano using the bistatic returns, seismic bathymetry, and knowledge of the general geoacoustic properties of the area's seabed to guide understanding and model development. Ray theory, with some approximations, was used to model acoustic propagation through overlying layers. Due to the volcano's size, scattering was modeled using geometric acoustics and a simple representation of volcano shape. Modeled bistatic data compared relatively well with experimental data, although some features remain unexplained. Results of an inversion for the volcano's reflection coefficient indicate that it may be acoustically softer than expected.     

Plane wave source with minimal harmonic distortion for investigating nonlinear acoustic properties

The objective of this investigation is to introduce and validate a practical ultrasound source to be used in the investigation of the nonlinear material properties of liquids and soft tissues studied in vitro. Methods based on the progressive distortion of finite amplitude ultrasonic waves in the low megahertz frequency range are most easily implemented under the assumption of plane wave propagation. However, achieving an approximately planar ultrasonic field over substantial propagation distances can be challenging. Furthermore, undesired harmonic distortion of the ultrasonic field prior to insonification of the specified region of interest represents another serious limitation. This paper introduces an approach based on the use of the ultrasonic field emanating from a stainless-steel delay line. Both simulation and direct experimental measurement demonstrate that such a field exhibits relatively planar wave fronts to a good approximation (such that a 3-mm-diam receiver would be exposed to no more than 3 dB of loss across its face) and is free from the significant harmonic distortion that would occur in a conventional water path.     

The importance of chain length for the polyphosphate enhancement of acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence

Sodium polyphosphate is commonly used to enhance chemiluminescence reactions with acidic potassium permanganate through a dual enhancement mechanism, but commercially available polyphosphates vary greatly in composition. We have examined the influence of polyphosphate composition and concentration on both the dual enhancement mechanism of chemiluminescence intensity and the stability of the reagent under analytically useful conditions. The average chain length (n) provides a convenient characterisation, but materials with similar values can exhibit markedly different distributions of phosphate oligomers. There is a minimum polyphosphate chain length (∼6) required for a large enhancement of the emission intensity, but no further advantage was obtained using polyphosphate materials with much longer average chain lengths. Providing there is a sufficient average chain length, the optimum concentration of polyphosphate is dependent on the analyte and in some cases, may be lower than the quantities previously used in routine detection. However, the concentration of polyphosphate should not be lowered in permanganate reagents that have been partially reduced to form high concentrations of the key manganese(III) co-reactant, as this intermediate needs to be stabilised to prevent formation of insoluble manganese(IV).     

An optimized method for the synthesis of 2,6-diaminoanthracene

The reduction of 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone to 2,6-diaminoanthracene was examined under a variety of conditions. Direct reduction using zinc powder gave a mixture of the target product and 9,10-dihydro-2,6-diaminoanthracene under all the conditions examined. Protection of the starting amine, followed by borohydride reduction and deprotection, gave the target product in 14-50% yield. Finally, tin powder was used to reduce the anthraquinone to 2,6-diaminoanthrone in quantitative yield. This compound was further reduced to the target 2,6-diaminoanthracene in 55-65% yield.     

Modifying metal nanoparticle placement on carbon supports using an aerosol-based process, with application to the environmental remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons

A facile aerosol-based process (ABP) is developed to vary the placement of iron nanoparticles on the external surface of carbon microspheres or within the interior. This is accomplished through the competitive mechanisms of sucrose carbonization and the precipitation of soluble iron salts, in an aerosol droplet passing through a high temperature heating zone. At lower aerosolization temperatures, carbonization occurs first leading to iron salt precipitation on the external surface, while at higher temperatures interior placement occurs through concurrent iron salt precipitation and sucrose carbonization. The resulting composites are highly conducive to the reductive dechlorination of compounds such as trichloroethylene (TCE) as the carbon support is a strong adsorbent, and zerovalent iron effectively reduces TCE to innocuous gases such as ethane. Since both iron and carbon are widely used catalysts and catalyst supports, the simple process of modifying iron placement has significant potential applications in heterogeneous catalysis.     

Evaluation of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for characterizing different virus strains

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a highly sensitive spectroscopic technique which combines the advantages of optical spectroscopy with the requirements needed for the characterization of biological nano-structures. In this study, TERS was used to investigate the applicability of this spectroscopic technique for the detection of different virus strains like avipoxvirus and adeno-associated virus. TERS spectra obtained from different particles of the same virus strain show variations in relative peak intensities and positions of most spectral features observed. These spectral variations were higher for the larger avipoxvirus particles (?≈350 nm) than for the smaller adeno-associated virus particles (?≈26 nm).     

Engineering of glucose oxidase for direct electron transfer via site-specific gold nanoparticle conjugation

Optimizing the electrical communication between enzymes and electrodes is critical in the development of biosensors, enzymatic biofuel cells, and other bioelectrocatalytic applications. One approach to address this limitation is the attachment of redox mediators or relays to the enzymes. Here we report a simple genetic modification of a glucose oxidase enzyme to display a free thiol group near its active site. This facilitates the site-specific attachment of a maleimide-modified gold nanoparticle to the enzyme, which enables direct electrical communication between the conjugated enzyme and an electrode. Glucose oxidase is of particular interest in biofuel cell and biosensor applications, and the approach of "prewiring" enzyme conjugates in a site-specific manner will be valuable in the continued development of these systems.     

Palladium(II) and platinum(II) bind strongly to an engineered blue copper protein

Studies of palladium(II) and platinum(II) binding to well-characterized proteins contribute to understanding the influence of these metals in the environment and body. The well-characterized apoprotein of azurin has a soft-metal binding site that may be exposed to solvent by mutation of a coordinating His-117 residue to glycine (H117G). Palladium(II) and platinum(II) form strong 1:1 adducts with the apo form of H117G azurin. A combination of UV-vis, circular dichroism, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques suggests that the metal binds specifically at His-46 and Cys-112 of the protein.