Algebraic study on the super-KP hierarchy and the ortho-symplectic super-KP hierarchy

Bilinear residue formulas are established for the super-KP hierarchy and the ortho-symplectic super-KP hierarchy. Furthermore, superframes corresponding to the ortho-symplectic super-KP hierarchy are completely characterized. Soliton solutions to the super-KP hierarchy are given.     

Stereoselective synthesis of trans olefins by the reaction of Wittig reagents with selenium. Formation of selenocarbonyl compounds.

Wittig reagents were successfully changed to symmetrical olefins when treated with elemental selenium. The reaction proceeds through a selenocarbonyl intermediate, which existence was confirmed by Diels-Alder reaction.     

Super-Kadomtsev—Petviashvili hierarchy and super-Grassmann manifold

The super-Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (SKP) hierarchy is introduced, and the general solutions are explicitly represented in terms of a superdeterminant. It is proved that the SKP hierarchy can be regarded as a dynamical system on a super-Grassmann manifold of infinite dimensions.     

Biobased myo-inositol as nucleator and stabilizer for poly(lactic acid)

myo-Inositol made from a biomass feedstock was used as an additive for poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) which was also made from biomass feedstock. The crystallization and stabilization of PLLA by the addition of myo-inositol were evaluated by the melt injection molding process. While the isothermal crystallization of PLLA at 100 °C had finished over 14 min after melting, that of PLLA with 5 wt% myo-inositol finished within 2 min. The crystal growth of PLLA started when the myo-Inositol crystal was added, and the crystallization was promoted. Furthermore, the molecular weight of PLLA with myo-inositol did not decrease during the melt-mixed at 200 °C, different from that of PLLA without the myo-inositol. myo-Inositol prevented the degradation of PLLA during the thermal melting process. The biomass carbon ratio measured by the accelerator mass spectroscopy method showed that the PLLA with 5 wt% myo-inositol was a fully biobased material. It was demonstrated that myo-inositol was a multi-functional biobased additive for the modification of PLLA without decreasing its mechanical properties.     

Dynamic properties of combustion instability in a lean premixed gas-turbine combustor

We experimentally investigate the dynamic behavior of the combustion instability in a lean premixed gas-turbine combustor from the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics. A nonlinear time series analysis in combination with a surrogate data method clearly reveals that as the equivalence ratio increases, the dynamic behavior of the combustion instability undergoes a significant transition from stochastic fluctuation to periodic oscillation through low-dimensional chaotic oscillation. We also show that a nonlinear forecasting method is useful for predicting the short-term dynamic behavior of the combustion instability in a lean premixed gas-turbine combustor, which has not been addressed in the fields of combustion science and physics.     

Energy distribution curves of ultrafast laser-induced field emission and their implications for electron dynamics

Energy distribution curves of laser-induced electron pulses from a tungsten tip have been measured as a function of tip voltage and laser power. Electron emission via tunneling through and/or excitation over the surface barrier from photoexcited nonequilibrium electron distributions are clearly observed. The spectral shapes largely vary with the emission processes and are strongly affected by electron dynamics. Simulations successfully reproduce the spectra, thus allowing direct insight into the involved electron dynamics and revealing the temporal tunability of electron emission via the two experimental parameters. These results should be useful to optimize the pulse characteristics for many applications based on ultrafast laser-induced electron emission.     

Gasification characteristics of woody biomass in the packed bed reactor

Gasification technology is recognized as one of the possibilities for utilizing biomass effectively. This study focused on woody biomass gasification fundamentals, using a bench-scale packed-bed reactor. In this experiment, pellets of black pine were gasified, using air as the oxidizing agent. Gasification tests were carried out under both updraft and downdraft conditions. Temperature distributions and compositions of syngas inside the gasifier were continuously monitored during gasification experiments at several ports on the wall of the reactor. The syngas at the exit of the gasifier was also sampled to estimate the amount of tar. Lower heating values of the syngas under updraft and downdraft conditions were 4.8 and 3.8 MJ/m³N, respectively. It was easier to control the height of the packed bed under the downdraft condition than under the updraft condition. Under the updraft condition, a bridging phenomenon occurred. Tar generation under the downdraft condition was lower than that under the updraft condition. This is because tar passes through a partial combustion zone or higher temperature zone in the downdraft gasifier.     

Noble Metal Sintering Suppression Technology in Three-way Catalyst: Automotive Three-way Catalysts with the Noble Metal Sintering Suppression Technology Based on the Support Anchoring Effect

This paper reviews the progress in our development of the three-way catalyst with a noble metal sintering suppression technology based on the support anchoring effect. The catalytic activity on this catalyst is far superior to the conventional catalyst, but with lower noble metal loading.     

Theoretical and computational studies of organometallic reactions: successful or not?

Theoretical and computational methods are powerful in studying transition metal complexes. Our theoretical studies of C–H σ‐bond activation of benzene by Pd(II)–formate complex and that of methane by Ti(IV)‐imido complex successfully disclosed that these reactions are understood to undergo heterolytic σ‐bond activation and the driving force is the formation of strong O–H and N–H bonds in the former and the latter, respectively. Orbital interactions are considerably different from those of σ‐bond activation by oxidative addition. The transmetallation, which is a key process in the cross‐coupling reaction, is understood to be heterolytic σ‐bond activation. Our theoretical study clarified how to accelerate this transmetallation. Also, we wish to discuss weak points in theoretical and computational studies of large systems including transition metal elements, such as the necessity to incorporate solvation effect and to present quantitatively correct numerical results. The importance of solvation effects is discussed in the oxidative addition of methyliodide to Pt(II) complex which occurs in a way similar to an S_N2 substitution. To apply the CCSD(T) (coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples correction) method, which is the gold standard of electronic structure theory, to large system, we need to reduce the size of the system by employing a small model. But, such modeling induces neglects of electronic and steric effects of substitutents which are replaced in the small model. Frontier‐orbital‐consistent quantum‐capping potential (FOC‐QCP) was recently proposed by our group to incorporate the electronic effects of the substituents neglected in the modeling. The CCSD(T) calculation with the FOC‐QCP was successfully applied to large systems including transition metal elements. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 10: 000–000; 2010: Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ) DOI 10.1002/tcr.200900019     

Simultaneous determination of small amounts of carbazole and anthracene in some monosubstituted anthraquinones

Simple separation of carbazole and anthracene from monosubstituted anthraquinones is achieved through the application of the zone-melting technique used biphenyl as a medium. Determination limits for both compounds measured by synchronous fluorimetry are 2 μg g^?1 in 2-methyl-, 2-ethyl-, 1-hydroxy- and 1-chloroanthraquinones, and 10 μg g^?1 in another four derivatives.