Determination of proteins with Alizarin Red S by Rayleigh light scattering technique

A new protein determination method by enhanced Rayleigh light scattering (RLS) technique has been developed. In acid condition (pH=3.60), RLS of 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonate (Alizarin Red S) can be greatly enhanced by addition of proteins, resulting in two characteristic peaks, 360 and 505 nm, respectively. The new protein assay is based on the RLS enhancement and spectrum change. The optimum condition for the reaction was investigated. The linear range is 0.20-24.9 μg ml⁻¹ for BSA and 0.20-15.5 μg ml⁻¹ for HSA. The detection limits (S/N=3) are 9.59 ng ml⁻¹ for BSA and 9.51 ng ml⁻¹ for HSA. The results of determination for human serum samples were comparable to those obtained by Bradford method. The binding stoichiometry was determined.     

New cytotoxic bufadienolides from the biotransformation of resibufogenin by Mucor polymorphosporus

Resibufogenin is a cytotoxic steroid isolated from the Chinese drug ChanSu. The biotransformation of resibufogenin by Mucor polymorphosporus afforded 22 products, and 15 of them were new. The transformation reactions involved hydroxylations at C-1β, C-5, C-7α, C-7β, C-12α, C-12β and C-16α, as well as epimerization or dehydrogenation of 3-OH. Hydroxylations at C-12α, C-12β and C-16α were the major reactions, each giving products in >5% yields, whereas the other products were obtained in fairly low yields. Some of the products showed decreased but still potent cytotoxicities. This investigation provided a useful approach to prepare new bufadienolides and most of them were difficult to obtain by chemical means.     

Development of a quality control method for the characterization of oligonucleotides by capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry

A capillary zone electrophoresis-negative electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometric method was developed for the characterization of oligonucleotides after synthesis, using model compounds. The major difficulty is the adduction of metal cations to the polyanionic backbone of the oligonucleotide sample, resulting in complex spectra and decreased sensitivity. Several approaches were investigated to circumvent this problem. Separation was performed in an ammonium carbonate buffer. During separation, the interfering metal ions were exchanged for ammonium ions, which are less tightly bound to the oligonucleotide when ionized. The influence of the addition of piperidine and imidazole or trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) to the running buffer for further reduction of cation adduction was investigated. Addition of CDTA to the buffer system resulted in a deconvoluted spectrum with very little adducts. On-line sample stacking proved vital to preconcentrate the samples. The pH and the concentration of the ammonium carbonate buffer as well as the electrophoresis voltage were optimized to achieve the best signal response for the oligonucleotides and a maximum reduction of the cation adducts as well as a short analysis time. Finally, the sheath liquid composition was examined for further improvement of the signal. The developed method was used to analyze different oligonucleotides (5000-9200 Da) in light of its use as a final quality control method for oligonucleotides in terms of purity and sequence homogeneity of the synthesized products. In all cases, very little adducts were observed in the deconvoluted spectra, and the relative errors of the measured molecular masses ranged from 3 to 35 ppm.     

Synthesis and structure of a novel three-dimensional metal selenite containing multidirectional intersecting double helical chains: [Fe2(H2O)4(SeO3)2]

A novel three-dimensional metal selenite [Fe₂(H₂O)₄(SeO₃)₂] (1) has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by the elemental analyses, IR spectrum, TG analysis and the single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, with a=6.5283(13) Å, b=8.8754(18) Å, c=7.6798(15) Å, (=98.82(3)β, V=439.71(15) Å3, and Z=2. Compounds 1 exhibits interesting three-dimensional structure constructed from {FeO₆} octahedra and {SeO₃} pyramids linked via the corner- and/or edge-sharing mode. The most interesting structural feature of compound 1 is that the existence of multidirectional intersecting double helical chains in one compound.     

LapRLSR for NIR spectral modeling and its application to online monitoring of the column separation of Salvianolate

A novel near infrared (NIR) modeling method—Laplacian regularized least squares regression (LapRLSR) was presented, which can take the advantage of many unlabeled spectra to promote the prediction performance of the model even if there are only few calibration samples. Using LapRLSR modeling, NIR spectral analysis was applied to the online monitoring of the concentration of salvia acid B in the column separation of Salvianolate. The results demonstrated that LapRLSR outperformed partial least squares (PLS) significantly, and NIR online analysis was applicable.     

Novel synthesis of o-naphthothiophenequinone derivatives via regioselective Diels-Alder reaction

A novel procedure to construct o-naphthothiophenequinones has been achieved from readily available o-benzothiophenquinones and N-dienes via Diels-Alder reaction-aromatization sequence as key steps. The absolute regioselectivity was established via Diels-Alder reaction of o-benzothiophenquinones with rich electron N-dienes.     

Compact beam expander based on planar structure to avoid inner focus

Optical Review - Based on the planar optical theory, compact beam expanders are proposed to miniaturize the dimension of an optical system. Both simulated and experimental results have demonstrated...     

Blue-emitting LaAlO3:Tm3+, In3+ phosphors for field emission displays

Tm³⁺ and In³⁺ co-doped LaAlO₃ phosphors were prepared by a Pechini sol–gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and cathodoluminescence spectrum. The phosphor is composed of slightly aggregated particles with approximately spherical shape and a narrow size range of 1.0–1.5 μm. Under voltage electron beam excitation, the phosphor shows the characteristic emissions of Tm³⁺. All the color purity, radiant efficiency, luminous efficiency, and stability of the optimum LaAlO₃:0.01Tm³⁺, 0.04In³⁺ phosphor are superior to these of commercial ZnS:Ag,Cl phosphor. These tests suggest that it could be a potential candidate as a blue phosphor for field emission displays.