Decomposition of protonated noradrenaline and normetanephrine assisted by NH2 migration studied by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and molecular orbital calculations

As part of a research program on neurotransmitters in a biological fluid, the fragmentations characterising catecholamines protonated under electrospray ionisation (ESI) conditions, under low collision energy in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, were investigated. The decompositions of protonated noradrenaline (VH) and normetanephrine (VIH) were studied. Both precursor ions eliminate first H2O at very low collision energy, and the fragmentations of [MH-H2O]+ occur at higher collision energy. The breakdown graphs of [MH-H2O]+ ions, with collision energy varying from 0-40 eV in the laboratory frame, are presented. [VIH-H2O]+ ions lose competitively NH3 and CH3OH. For [VH-H2O]+ the loss of NH3 is dominant while H2O is eliminated at very low abundance at all collision energies. All of these secondary fragmentations are followed at higher collision energies by elimination of CO. These fragmentations are interpreted by means of ab initio calculations up to the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) level of theory. The elimination of H2O requires first the isomerisation of N-protonated forms, chosen as energy references, to O-protonated forms. The isomerisation barriers are calculated to be lower than 81 kJ/mol above the N-protonated forms. The elimination of NH3 from [MH-H2O]+ requires first the migration, via a cyclisation, of the amine function from the linear chain to the aromatic ring in order to prevent the formation of unstable disubstituted carbocations in the ring. The barriers associated with the loss of NH3 are located 220 and 233 kJ/mol above VH and 219 kJ/mol above VIH. The energy barrier for the loss of ROH is located 236 and 228 kJ/mol above VH and VIH, respectively. The absence of ions corresponding to [VH-2H2O]+ is due to a parasitic mechanism with an activation barrier lower than 236 kJ/mol that leads to a stable species unable to fragment, thus preventing the second loss of H2O. Losses of CO following the secondary fragmentations involve activation barriers higher than 330 kJ/mol.     

Efficient preparation of (Z)-alkenyl derivatives from (Z)-vinyl (N,N-diisopropyl)carbamate via Ni-catalysed coupling reactions

A (Z)-vinyl (N,N-diisopropyl)carbamate treated with Grignard reagents, under Wenkert Nickel-catalysed conditions, gave access to several substituted (Z)-alkenyl derivatives. These Nickel-catalysed reactions, carried out with vinyl-, phenyl-, p-methoxyphenyl-, trimethylsilylmethylmagnesium bromide and benzylmagnesium chloride, led to the corresponding (Z)-alkenyl derivatives in good yields and high stereoselectivities.     

Carboxylate anions binding and sensing by a novel tetraazamacrocycle containing ferrocene as receptor

A tetraazamacrocycle containing ferrocene moieties has been synthesized and characterized. The tetraprotonated form of this compound was evaluated as a receptor (R) for anion recognition of several substrates (S), Cl(-), PF(6)(-), HSO(4)(-), H(2)PO(4)(-) and carboxylates, such as p-nitrobenzoate (p-nbz(-)), phthalate (ph(2-)), isophthalate (iph(2-)) and dipicolinate (dipic(2-)). (1)H NMR titrations in CD(3)OD indicated that this receptor is not suitable for recognizing HSO(4)(-) and H(2)PO(4)(-), but weakly binds p-nbz(-), and strongly interacts with ph(2-), dipic(2-), and iph(2-) anions forming 1 : 2 assembled species. The largest beta(2) binding constant was determined for ph(2-), followed by dipic(2-) and finally iph(2-). The effect of the anionic substrates on the electron-transfer process of the ferrocene units of R was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in methanol solution and 0.1 mol dm(-3)(CH(3))(4)NCl as the supporting electrolyte. Titrations of the receptor were undertaken by addition of anion solutions in their tetrabutylammonium or tetramethylammonium forms. The protonated ligand exhibits a reversible voltammogram, which shifts cathodically in the presence of the substrates. The data revealed kinetic constraints in the formation of the receptor/substrate entity for dipic(2-), ph(2-) and iph(2-) anions, but not for p-nbz(-). In spite of the slow kinetics of assembled species formation with the ph(2-) substrate, this anion provides the largest redox-response when the supramolecular entity is formed, followed by dipic(2-), iph(2-) and finally p-nbz(-) anions. This trend is in agreement with the (1)H NMR results and the values of the binding constants. Single crystal X-ray structures of the receptor with PF(6)(-), ph(2-), iph(2-) and p-nbz(-) were carried out and showed that supermolecules with a RS(2) stoichiometry are formed with the first three anions, but RS(4) with p-nbz(-). In all cases the binding occurs outside the macrocyclic cavity via N-H...O=C hydrogen bonds for carboxylate anions and N-H...F hydrogen bonds for the PF(6)(-) anion, which is in agreement with the solution results. The macrocyclic framework adopts different conformations in order to interact with each substrate having Fe...Fe intramolecular distances ranging from 10.125(14) to 12.783(15)A.     

Structural stability and energetics of C,Si, and Ge microclusters: empirical many-body potential energy function calculation

The structural stability and energetics of carbon, silicon, and germanium microclusters containing 3?7 atoms have been investigated by using a recently developed empirical many-body potential energy function (PEF), which comprises two- and three-body atomic interactions. The PEF satisfies both bulk cohesive energy per atom and bulk stability exactly. It has been found that the most stable C_3?4 microclusters are linear withD _∞h symmetry but C_5?7 microclusters are planar withD _nh symmetry. Silicon and germanium microclusters show similar structural stability. TheX _n (X=Si, Ge;n=3?7) microclusters are found to be most stable in the following forms:X ₃ is triangular withD _3h symmetry,X ₄ is tetragonal withT _d symmetry,X ₅ is square pyramidal withD _4h symmetry,X ₆ is bipyramidal square withO _h symmetry, and finallyX ₇ is square pyramidal having two atoms underneath withD _2h symmetry.     

Study of peptides containing modified lysine residues by tandem mass spectrometry: precursor ion scanning of hexanal-modified peptides

Upon hexanal-modification in the presence of NaCNBH(3), the oxidized B chain of insulin becomes mono- and further dialkylated on both the N-terminal and Lys(29) residues. A pseudo-MS(3) study was performed with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer on the different modified lysine-containing species to gain further insights into the characteristic fragmentation pattern. These fragmentations, in good agreement with true MS(3) measurements obtained using an ion trap mass spectrometer, highlighted characteristic monoalkylated lysine (immonium-NH(3)) and protonated modified caprolactam ions at m/z 168 and 213, respectively. In contrast, no fragment ion derived from a modified lysine residue (immonium or caprolactam) was observed when dialkylation occurs on Lys(29). However, a fragment ion corresponding to a protonated dihexylamine was observed at m/z 186. This loss, characteristic of dialkylated lysine fragmentation, was also observed upon dialkylation of N(alpha)-acetyllysine with either hexanal or pentanal. On the other hand, acetylation and malondialdehyde-modification of the N(alpha)-acetyllysine side chain led mainly to the corresponding modified (immonium-NH(3)) fragment ions at m/z 126 and 138, respectively. Finally, it was demonstrated that precursor ion scanning for both m/z 168 and 213 ions led to specific and sensitive identification of peptides containing hexanal-modified lysine residues within an unfractionated tryptic digest of hexanal-modified apomyoglobin. Thus, Lys(42), Lys(45), Lys(62), Lys(63), Lys(77), Lys(87), Lys(96), Lys(98), Lys(145) and Lys(147) were found to be modified upon reaction with hexanal.     

Comparative study of catalytic activity of Pd loaded hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite in butan-2-ol conversion and methane oxidation

Palladium loaded calcium-hydroxyapatite, Pd(z)/CaHAp, and calcium-fluoroapatite, Pd(z)/CaFAp, were synthesised and characterised by TEM, XRD, IR and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopies. Introduction of palladium does not change the structure of CaHAp and CaFAp. The average size of PdO particles was found to be around 4–5 nm on Pd(1)/CaHAp but larger (6–7 nm) on Pd(1)/CaFap. The acid–base properties of the supports and of the catalysts were studied using butan-2-ol conversion. On CaHAp and CaFAp, the butenes yield (dehydration reaction) is very low either in the absence or in the presence of oxygen. The methyl ethyl ketone yield (dehydrogenation reaction) is significant only in the presence of oxygen and higher over CaFAp. Conversely, the performances of Pd(z)/CaHAp are better than those of Pd(z)/CaFAp below 180 °C. Above 180 °C, buta-2-ol combustion is favoured on Pd/CaHAp but not on Pd/CaFAp.

In methane oxidation, Pd(z)/CaHAp showed also a much larger activity than Pd(z)/CaFAp. On 2 wt% Pd loaded CaHAp, the methane oxidation reaches a conversion of almost 100% at 350 °C, which is comparable with the performance of conventional Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The reducibility of PdO under methane–oxygen mixtures is lower on Pd(z)/CaHAp. For both reactions, the lower activity of Pd(z)/CaFAp is related to its higher acidity, resulting from the substitution of OH⁻ by F⁻, and to the larger PdO particle size.     

Thermodynamic properties of aqueous organic mixtures near the critical demixing: Cases of 2,6-dimethylpyridine and of 2-isobutoxyethanol

Phase diagrams, volumes and heat capacities of aqueous mixtures of 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-L) and 2-isobutoxyethanol (iBE) and activities of 2,6-L in aqueous mixtures were measured in the monophasic region near the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). With 2,6-L some measurement were also made just above the LCST. From the temperature dependence of these data, partial molar relative enthalpies (2,6-L), expansibilities and the temperature derivative of heat capacities were calculated and show that iBE undergoes a microphase transition at low concentration which is not related to the phase separation. On the other hand, the properties of 2,6-L in the water-rich region at temperatures well below the LCST indicates that this solute has only a slight tendency to associate. The heat capacities of 2,6-L show an important increase near the LCST. Such changes are not observed for iBE and other alkoxyethanols and amines since these systems already exist in the form of microphases; the partial molar properties of iBE near the LCST are nearly equal to the molar values of the pure liquid, and the changes in thermodynamic properties corresponding to the macroscopic phase transition, are therefore too small to be measured by the present techniques.     

Structural dependence of electron transfer to non-covalent polar complexes

Electron attachment to polar molecules and their non-covalent complexes can lead to different kinds of anions which differ from their excess electron localization. Spectroscopic methods for studying anion structures are reviewed. In many cases, the neutral and anion structures are identical and can be deduced from the electron attachment properties. Examples are given for complexes containing polar solvents or building blocks of biomolecules (nucleobases, amino acid residues...).     

Effect of molecular weight on the exponential growth and morphology of hyaluronan/chitosan multilayers: a surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy investigation

The layer-by-layer growth of multilayer assemblies of two polysaccharides, the polyanion hyaluronan (HA) and the polycation chitosan (CH), was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, with primary emphasis on the effect of the polysaccharide molecular weights on the film thickness and surface morphology. The HA/CH multilayers exhibit an exponential increase of the optical film thickness with the number of deposited bilayers. We show that the multilayer thickness at a given stage depends on the size of both CH, the diffusing polyelectrolyte, and HA, the non-diffusing species. Assemblies (12 bilayers) of high molecular weight polysaccharides (HA, 360,000; CH, 160,000) were twice as thick (approximately 900 nm vs approximately 450 nm) as those obtained with low molecular weight polymers (HA, 30,000; CH, 31,000), as assessed by AFM scratch tests. The exponential growth rate is the same for the high and low molecular weight pairs; the larger film thicknesses observed by SPR and by AFM arising from an earlier onset of the steep exponential growth phase in the case of the high molecular weight pair. In all cases, isolated islets form during the deposition of the first CH layer onto the underlying HA. Upon further film growth, individual islets coalesce into larger vermiculate features. The transition from distinct islands to vermiculate structures depends on the molecular weights of the polysaccharides and the lower molecular weight construct presents larger worm-like surface domains than the high molecular weight pair.     

2-Cyano Δ3piperideine VII1 : the condensation of 2-cyano Δ3piperideine with sodium dimethylmalonate catalyzed by ZnCl2 or zero valent palladium and platinum complexes

ZnCl₂, Pd (PØ₃)₄ and Pt(PØ₃)₄ were found to be effective catalysts for the condensation of sodium dimethyl malonate with 2-cyano Δ³piperideine $\text{1}$ a–d.