Anomalous wave propagation in quasiisotropic media

Based on boundary conditions and dispersion relations, the anomalous propagation of waves incident from regular isotropic media into quasiisotropic media is investigated. It is found that the anomalous negative refraction, anomalous total reflection and oblique total transmission can occur in the interface associated with quasiisotropic media. The Brewster angles of E- and H-polarized waves in quasiisotropic media are also discussed. It is shown that the propagation properties of waves in quasiisotropic media are significantly different from those in isotropic and anisotropic media.     

固体核磁共振技术在固体酸催化剂表征及催化反应机理研究之应用进展

固体酸催化剂广泛应用于现代石油与化学工业中,其反应活性与其酸性密切相关.与传统的酸性表征方法(红外光谱、程序升温脱附、滴定等)相比,利用先进的探针分子技术、双共振和二维相关谱等核磁共振(NMR)技术可以获取固体催化剂酸种类、酸分布、酸浓度和酸强度等完整信息.同时,原位固体NMR实验可跟踪反应分子在催化剂活性中心吸附状态和转换的中间体物种,为揭示反应机理提供了最直接的实验证据.本文详细介绍了固体NMR的原理和一系列相关新技术,着重综述了固体NMR技术在酸催化剂结构、活性中心特性以及催化反应机理方面的应用进展.     

A new class of test functions for global optimization

In this paper we propose a new class of test functions for unconstrained global optimization problems. The class depends on some parameters through which the difficulty of the test problems can be controlled. As a basis for future comparison, we propose a selected set of these functions, with increasing difficulty, and some computational experiments with two simple global optimization algorithms.     

Roll‐to‐Roll printed PEDOT/PSS/GO Plastic Film for Electrochemical Determination of Carbofuran

In this work, we developed a roll‐to‐roll printed poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulphoanate without graphene oxide (GO) (PEDOT/PSS) and with graphene oxide (PEDOT/PSS/GO) plastic films for the electrochemical determination of carbofuran. Both the PEDOT/PSS and PEDOT/PSS/GO plastic films showed electroactivity towards the oxidation of carbofuran. Incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) improves the electrochemical activity of carbofuran and increased its sensitivity. The printed plastic films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), surface profilometer, four point probe and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effects of pH, deposition time, deposition potential and film thickness on the oxidation peak current of carbofuran were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a dynamic linear range of 1 μM–90 μM with a detection limit of 1.0×10^?7 M (S/N=3) were obtained. The printed PEDOT/PSS/GO plastic electrode was applied for the determination of carbofuran in vegetable and fruit samples with recoveries between 94.4 and 101.8 %.     

Segmental anisotropy in strained elastomers detected with a portable NMR scanner

Single-side NMR is particularly suitable for measurements of segmental anisotropy induced in elastomers by uniaxial forces or local strain. Proton transverse nuclear magnetic relaxation was investigated with the NMR-MOUSE by recording the Hahn-echo decay in cross-linked natural rubber bands. This provided information on the dependence of the Hahn-echo decay on the angle between the direction of the uniaxial stretching force and the axis Z defined direction perpendicular to the magnet pole faces of the NMR-scanner. The anisotropy effect on the Hahn-echo decay is correlated with the extension ratio, and it is more evident in the liquid-like regime of the decay. A weaker segmental anisotropy is detected by 1H solid- and Hahn-echo decays recorded by multi-pulse sequences. A qualitative understanding of the angular dependence is obtained by an analytical theory of the Hahn-echo decay adapted to the case of stretched elastomers and to strongly inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Using angular-dependent 1H residual second van Vleck moments and correlation times reported previously [P.T. Callaghan and E.T. Samulski, Macromolecules 30, 113 (1997)] from stretched natural rubber bands the segmental anisotropy measured in inhomogeneous magnetic fields by the Hahn-echo decay was numerically simulated. As an example of a macroscopic distribution of local segmental anisotropy, 1H Hahn-echo decays were measured by the NMR-MOUSE sensor in a stretched cross-linked natural rubber plate with a circular cut in the center.     

Tietze's extension theorem in fuzzy topological spaces

This paper discusses the conceptual difficulties of generalizing standard topological terms of L-fuzzy topological terms. In particular, a theory of relative topologies and relative functions for L-fuzzy topological spaces is developed. The extension of a relative L-fuzzy continuous function into the fuzzy unit interval is defined. The equivalence of L-fuzzy continuous functions and monotone families of open sets is proved, and this equivalence is exploited to establish a fuzzy version of Tietze's Extension Theorem. Finally, a partial converse to the theorem is proved.     

New results for molecular formation under pairwise potential minimization

We establish new lower bounds on the distance between two points of a minimum energy configuration of N points in ℝ³ interacting according to a pairwise potential function. For the Lennard-Jones case, this bound is 0.67985 (and 0.7633 in the planar case). A similar argument yields an estimate for the minimal distance in Morse clusters, which improves previously known lower bounds. Moreover, we prove that the optimal configuration cannot be two-dimensional, and establish an upper bound for the distance to the nearest neighbour of every particle, which depends on the position of this particle. On the boundary of the optimal configuration polytope, this is unity while in the interior, this bound depends on the potential function. In the Lennard-Jones case, we get the value . Also, denoting by V _N the global minimum in an N point minimum energy configuration, we prove in Lennard-Jones clusters for all N≥2, while asymptotically holds (as opposed to in the planar case, confirming non-planarity for large N).     

Second-harmonic generation and the influence of flexoelectricity in the nematic phases of bent-core oxadiazoles

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in the nematic phase of bent-core oxadiazole-based liquid crystals (LCs) was studied and compared to that for the rod-like compound 4-cyano-4?-n-octylbiphenyl (8CB). Weak, isotropically scattered second-harmonic (SH) light was observed for all materials, consistent with SHG by nematic director fluctuations. The SH intensity produced by the bent-core materials was found to be up to ~ 3.4 times that of 8CB. We discuss this result in terms of the dependence of SH intensity on temperature, elastic constants and flexoelectric coefficients. We have calculated the latter by using a molecular field approach with atomistic modelling, thus demonstrating how molecular parameters contribute to the flexoelectric coefficients and illustrating the potential of this method for predicting the flexoelectric behaviour of bent-core LCs. We show that the increased SH signal in the bent-core compounds is partly due to their nematic phases being at a much higher temperature, and also potentially due to them having greater flexoelectric coefficients, up to ~1.5 times those of 8CB. These estimates are consistent with reports of increased flexoelectric coefficients in bent-core compounds in comparison to rod-like compounds.