The magnetization of the PrFeAsO0.60F0.12 polycrystalline sample has been measured as functions of temperature and magnetic field (H). The observed total magnetization is the sum of a superconducting irreversible magnetization and a paramagnetic magnetization. Analysis of dc susceptibility χ(T) in the normal state shows that the paramagnetic component of magnetization comes from the Pr3+ magnetic moments. The intragrain critical current density (JL) derived from the magnetization data is large. The JL(H) curve displays a second peak which shifts towards the high-field region with decreasing temperature. In the low-field region, a plateau up to a field H* followed by a power law H?5/8 behavior of JL(H) is the characteristic of the strong pinning. A vortex phase diagram for the present superconductor has been obtained from the magnetization and resistivity data. 相似文献
Anatase phase TiO2 and nitrogen (N) doped TiO2 thin films were synthesized by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique on c-Si (100) substrates in the temperature range 300-550 °C. The former used a precursor solution of titanium oxy acetylacetonate in methanol whereas the later used a titanium oxy acetylacetonate hexamine mixture in methanol. Homogeneity across the film’s thickness and the nature of the film-substrate interface were studied by dynamic depth profiling acquired using secondary ion mass spectrometry SIMS. The stoichiometry and bonding state of various species present in the films were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). N-doping was confirmed by both SIMS and XPS. XPS studies revealed that the nitrogen content of the films synthesized at 300 °C (3.2%) is high compared to that of films made at 350 °C (1.3%). 相似文献
When cultural tastes are not neutral but hierarchically matched to social status, people assimilate themselves to higher status by consuming cultural goods while distinguishing themselves from lower status by developing new tastes. Extending the Cucker-Smale model for mutual influence among agents, we examine when and how many cultural classes emerge from continuous distributions of tastes and what conditions those classes satisfy, through the assimilation-distinction mechanism. We simulate the models with different initial distributions of tastes (uniform, normal, and chi-square), given various ranges of 2 parameters: (a) the strength and (b) the range of distinction relative to assimilation. Tastes are flocking and cultural classes emerge when the range of assimilation is much larger than that of distinction. The number of classes increases with the strength of distinction, whereas the distance between classes equals the range of distinction. Some properties of emergent classes are mathematically proved. First, in a two-class system, the stronger distinction, the larger the upper class. Second, in a three-class system, the middle class is necessarily larger than the lower class and likely larger than the upper class. Third, a 3-class system cannot emerge if distinction is weaker than assimilation. These properties are universal and do not depend on the initial distribution of cultural tastes. This independence predicts homogeneous cultural classes emerging across different social conditions. Also, the cultural middle class as the largest group may explain why subjective class consciousness is often higher than objective position. Unless assimilating efforts can reach an infinite range, there emerges a cultural outcast at the lowest end of the cultural hierarchy. 相似文献
The hepatitis B surface antigen manufactured by recombinant DNA technology is extracted from the culture media by density gradient centrifugation using cesium salts. Cesium is considered to be toxic, because it affects active ion transport by blocking potassium channels. The residual trace levels of cesium in hepatitis B vaccine samples are determined by suppressed ion chromatography. Hepatitis B vaccines contain various buffer salts, aluminum-containing adjuvants, proteins and traces of iron. The polyvalent cations (Al3+, Fe3+) and proteins degrade the chromatographic performance in terms of decreased retention time and poor reproducibility. Different sample preparation approaches were evaluated with the aim of eliminating these foulants: (1) filtration, (2) digestion and (3) digestion-protein precipitation. Quantitative elimination of these foulants was achieved in the digestion-protein precipitation sample clean-up approach. Cesium was separated on the IonPac CS17 column with suppressed conductivity detection. The results of the ion chromatography (IC) method were compared with ICP-MS analysis. The precision of determination was better than 6.5% (relative standard deviation) with a method detection limit of 45 ng mL−1. The expanded uncertainty in the measurement at 95% confidence level (coverage factor 2) is better than 16.3%.
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been synthesized by pyrolysing mustard oil using an oil lamp. It was made water-soluble (wsCNT)
through oxidative treatment by dilute nitric acid and was characterized by SEM, AFM, XRD, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The
synthesized wsCNT showed the presence of several junctions and defects in it. The presence of curved graphene structure (sp2) with frequent sp3 hybridized carbon is found to be responsible for the observed defects. These defects along with the presence of di- and tri-podal
junctions showed interesting magnetic properties of carbon radicals formed by spin frustration. This trapped carbon radical
showed ESR signal in aqueous solution and was very stable even under drastic treatment by strong oxidizing or reducing agents.
Oxidative acid treatment of CNT introduced several carboxylic acid group functionalities in wsCNT along with the nicking of
the CNT at different lengths with varied molecular weight. To evaluate molecular weights of these wsCNTs, an innovative method
like gel electrophoresis using high molecular weight DNA as marker was introduced. 相似文献
Ordering in one-dimensional atomic chains is studied using computer simulation. We find that dense ordered chains may exist
if the system is cold enough and not macroscopically long. Growth of finite length chains from the vapor and by vapor exchange
between chains begins rapidly, then slows down exponentially in time. As temperature rises density fluctuations increase,
causing the chains to fragment. Independent of fragmentation, disordering begins at the ends, a condition similar to the precursor
of edge and surface melting in two and three dimensions. The chemical potential of finite ordered chains is a function of
length and temperature, due to the competition between attraction and internal thermal excitation. Equilibrium of chains coexisting
with one-dimensional vapor produces a distribution of sizes, peaked at a temperature dependent chain length. Several results
may be relevant to experimental studies of adsorption on carbon nanotubes 相似文献
Aprocess for the assembly of carbazole alkaloids has been developed on the basis of ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) and ringrearrangement–aromatization (RRA) as the key steps. This method is based on allyl Grignard addition to isatin derivatives to provide smooth access to 2,2‐diallyl 3‐oxindole derivatives through a 1,2‐allyl shift. The diallyl derivatives were used as RCM precursors to afford a novel class of spirocyclopentene‐3‐oxindole derivatives, which underwent a novel RRA reaction to afford carbazole derivatives. The synthetic sequence to carbazoles was shortened by combining the RCM and RRA steps in an orthogonal tandem catalytic process. The utility of this methodology was further demonstrated by the straightforward synthesis of carbazole alkaloids, including amukonal derivative, girinimbilol, heptaphylline, and bis(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylcarbazole). 相似文献