A novel bis tridentate bipyridine carboxamide ligand and its complexation to copper(II): synthesis, structure, and magnetism

A new bis tridentate ligand 2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-[2-pyridinecarboxamide] H(2)L(1) which can bind transition metal ions has been synthesized via the condensation of 3,3'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine together with 2-pyridine carbonyl chloride. Two copper(II) coordination compounds have been prepared and characterized: [Cu(2)(L(1))(hfac)(2)].3CH(3)CN.H(2)O (1) and [Cu(2)(L(1))Cl(2)].CH(3)CN (2). The single-crystal X-ray structures reveal that complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with the unit cell parameters a = 12.7185(6) A, b = 17.3792(9) A, c = 19.4696(8) A, alpha = 110.827(2) degrees, beta = 99.890(3) degrees, gamma = 97.966(3) degrees, V = 3868.3(3) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0321 and R(w) = 0.0826. Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with the unit cell parameters a = 12.8622(12) A, b = 9.6100(10) A, c = 19.897(2) A, beta = 102.027(3) degrees, V = 2405.3(4) A(3), Z = 4, R = 0.0409 and R(w) = 0.1005. In both complexes the ligand is in the dianionic form and coordinates the divalent Cu(II) ions via one amido and two pyridine nitrogen donor atoms. In 1, the coordination geometry around both Cu(II) ions is best described as distorted trigonal bipyramidal where the remaining two coordination sites are satisfied by hexafluoroacetylacetonate counterions. In 2 both Cu(II )ions adopt a (4 + 1) distorted square pyramidal geometry. One copper forms a longer apical bond to an adjacent carbonyl oxygen atom, whereas the second copper is chelated to a neighboring Cu-Cl chloride ion to afford a mu-Cl-bridged dimerized [Cu(2)(L(1))Cl(2)](2) complex. The magnetic susceptibility data for 1 (2 -270 K), reveal the occurrence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Cu(II) ions. In contrast, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements for 2 reveal more complex magnetic properties, with the presence of a weak antiferromagnetic exchange (J = -10.1 K) between the copper ions in each dinuclear copper complex and a stronger ferromagnetic exchange interaction (J = 32.9 K) between the Cu(II) ions of the Cu(mu-Cl)(2)Cu dimeric bridging units.     

Reduction of aldehydes and ketones by transfer hydrogenation with 1,4-butanediol

1,4-Butanediol has been used as the hydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation reactions. The equilibrium is driven by the formation of gamma-butyrolactone, and the diol is therefore not required in excess.     

Comparison between optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies calculated by the DFT methods for the Anderson-type heteropolyanion: hexamolybdoaluminate(III), [AlIII(OH)6Mo6O18]3-

Optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies were calculated for the hexamolybdoaluminate(III), [AlIII(OH)6Mo6O18]3-, Anderson-type heteropolyanion with the HF, B3LYP, B3PW91, B3P86 and B1LYP methods of theory using the LanL2DZ, SDD and combination of LanL2DZ with 6-31G (d, p) basis sets. The agreement between the optimized and experimental geometries was in the decreasing order: HF, B3P86, B3PW91, B1LYP and B3LYP. The calculated frequencies by the B3LYP have the smallest mean root mean square (RMS) error. The effect of the basis set on the calculated bond lengths and frequencies by the density functional calculations (DFT) methods was minor. The agreement between the previously reported IR and Raman spectra and the calculated values is, in general, good.     

A highly selective fluorescent chemosensor for guanosine-5'-triphosphate via excimer formation in aqueous solution of physiological pH

A new water-soluble and fluorescent imidazolium-anthracene cyclophane 1 effectively recognizes and differentiates the biologically important GTP and ATP in 100% aqueous solution of physiological pH 7.4. Fluorescence, (1)H-NMR spectra and ab initio calculations demonstrate that excimer formation and fluorescence enhancement occur upon GTP and ATP binding, respectively, through (C-H)(+)···A(-) hydrogen bond interactions.     

N-heterocyclic carbene stabilized copper- and silver-phenylchalcogenolate ring complexes

The ligation of a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to group 11 metal salts (Cu, Ag) was explored as an alternative to PR(3) ligands for the formation of copper- and silver-chalcogenolate cluster complexes. AgOAc and CuCl salts ligate with the NHC 1,3-di-isopropylbenzimidazole-2-ylidene ((i)Pr(2)-bimy) forming [Ag(OAc)((i)Pr(2)-bimy)] 1, [Ag(OAc)((i)Pr(2)-bimy)(2)] 2, [CuCl((i)Pr(2)-bimy)](2)3 and [CuCl((i)Pr(2)-bimy)(2)] 4 depending on the ratio of ligand to metal used. These have been characterized via spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Complexes 1 and 3 were reacted with S(Ph)SiMe(3) and Se(Ph)SiMe(3) to form the polynuclear metal-chalcogenolates [Ag(4)(μ-EPh)(4)((i)Pr(2)-bimy)(4)] (5, E = S; 6, E = Se) and [Cu(3)(μ-EPh)(3)((i)Pr(2)-bimy)(3)] (7, E = S; 8, E = Se) in good yields. The structures of 5-8, as determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography, are described.     

Antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of aviprin and aviprin-3″-O-D-glucopyranoside on LNCaP and HeLa cell lines

Many researchers have shown that plant-derived polyphenolic compounds are helpful nutraceuticals in restraining various disorders such as neoplastic diseases. In this study two linear furanocoumarins, aviprin and aviprin-3″-O-D-glucopyranoside (A3G), were isolated from methanol extract of Prangos uloptera roots. The evaluation of free radical scavenging capacity of the compounds showed that aviprin is a more effective antioxidant than A3G with RC50 of 0.54?mg?mL?1. The biological and antiproliferative activities of the furanocoumarins were examined using human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line and LNCaP prostatic cell line. Cell membrane integrity and cell viability were evaluated by measuring trypan blue exclusion assay and reduction of the tetrazolium blue compound, respectively. Treating the LNCaP cell line with various concentrations of the furanocoumarins showed that IC?? of aviprin and A3G were 0.4 and 6.6?mg?mL?1, whereas their CC50 values were 0.7 and 11?mg?mL?1, respectively. These results indicated that 42.7% of LNCaP cells were not dead by necrosis. Treating the HeLa cells by the furanocoumarins showed the greater sensitivity of the HeLa cell line than the LNCaP cell line. A morphological analysis and the study of DNA fragmentation provided further some evidence for the inhibition of the LNCaP cell line via apoptosis induction.     

Identification and estimation of extra-framework aluminium in acidic mazzite by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been used to investigate structural modification of mazzite zeolite subjected to calcination, acid leaching and acetylacetone treatments. Extra-framework aluminium species, formed upon expulsion of aluminium from the framework, are detected by DRS because they are involved in aluminium-oxygen charge transfer transitions. Impregnation of the calcined ammonium-exchanged and acid leached samples with ethanolic acetylacetone will convert the broadened 260-280 nm band of extra-framework aluminium with distorted symmetry to a distinct well-defined 285 nm band. The appearance of this band is due to the transformation of the aluminium atoms with a different coordination number to structures with highly ordered octahedral symmetry. Washing the acetylacetone treated samples with hot ethanol leads to extraction of some of the complexed aluminium. The presence of an extracted aluminium triacetylacetonate complex in the eluant is verified by the same spectrophotometer used in its conventional mode. This suggests that a dual DR and UV-VIS spectrophotometry is an appropriate approach to study such topics.     

Preparation of various xanthene derivatives over sulfonic acid functionalized imidazolium salts (SAFIS) as novel,highly efficient and reusable catalysts

In this work, some novel sulfonic acid functionalized imidazolium salts (SAFIS), as a new category of ionic liquids, are synthesized by eco-friendly and simple procedures, and used as highly efficient and reusable catalysts to promote the following one-pot multicomponent organic transformations under solvent-free conditions: (i) the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes from β-naphthol (2 eq.) and arylaldehydes (1 eq.), (ii) the preparation of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones from β-naphthol, arylaldehydes and dimedone, and (iii) the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes from dimedone (2 eq.) and aromatic aldehydes (1 eq.). Environmentally benign, simple methodologies, easy workup procedure, clean reaction, short reaction time, high yield and easy preparation of the catalysts are some advantages of this work.     

Characterization and optical property of ZnO nano-, submicro- and microrods synthesized by hydrothermal method on a large-scale

In the present paper, well-dispersed ZnO nano-, submicro- and microrods with hexagonal structure were synthesized by a simple low temperature hydrothermal process from zinc nitrate hexahydrate without using any additional surfactant, organic solvent or catalytic agent. The phase and structural analysis were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), the morphological analysis was carried out by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the optical property was characterized by room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results revealed the high crystal quality of ZnO powder with hexagonal (wurtzite-type) crystal structure and the formation of well-dispersed ZnO nano-, submicro- and microrods with diameters of about 50, 200 and 500 nm, and lengths of 300 nm, 1 μm and 2 μm, respectively, on a large-scale just using the different temperatures. Room-temperature PL spectrum from the ZnO nanorods reveals a strong UV emission peak at about 360 nm and no green emission band at ∼530 nm. The strong UV photoluminescence indicates the good crystallization quality of the ZnO nanorods. Room-temperature PL spectra from the ZnO submicro- and microrods reveal a weak UV emission peak at ∼400 nm and a very strong visible green emission at 530 nm, that is ascribed to the transition between V_oZn_i and valence band.     

Supercapacitors in Motion: Autonomous Microswimmers for Natural‐Resource Recovery

An electroadsorption technique similar to the ultrafast charging mechanism in supercapacitors is utilized to remove metals with different sizes and hydrophilicities from contaminated water using self‐propelled microswimmers. The swimmers carry graphite fibre or bismuth with a layered crystal structure providing high electrostatic double‐layer capacitances. Unlike previous methods, this electrochemical technique does not only utilize the surface of the swimmers, but due to the interlayer spacing of the graphite and bismuth, it is able to store metals in ≈400 layers, allowing removal and recovery of >50 ppm lithium in only 5 min. A larger interlayer distance between bismuth sheets allows the removal of bigger cations (sodium and calcium), expanding the application of this method to a large variety of natural elements. Finally, magnetic navigation of charged swimmers to an oxygen‐saturated media causes oxidation and thus immediate release of the metal ions from the swimmers.