A MODEL OF TROPICAL MARINE RESERVE‐FISHERY LINKAGES

ABSTRACT. The excessive and unsustainable exploitation of our marine resources has led to the promotion of marine reserves as a fisheries management tool. Marine reserves, areas in which fishing is restricted or prohibited, can offer opportunities for the recovery of exploited stock and fishery enhancement. In this paper we examine the contribution of fully protected tropical marine reserves to fishery enhancement by modeling marine reserve‐fishery linkages. The consequences of reserve establishment on the long‐run equilibrium fish biomass and fishery catch levels are evaluated. In contrast to earlier models this study highlights the roles of both adult (and juvenile) fish migration and larval dispersal between the reserve and fishing grounds by employing a spawner‐recruit model. Uniform larval dispersal, uniform larval retention and complete larval retention combined with zero, moderate and high fish migration scenarios are analyzed in turn. The numerical simulations are based on Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, a fully protected coral reef marine reserve comprising approximately 30% of former fishing grounds. Simulation results suggest that the establishment of a fully protected marine reserve will always lead to an increase in total fish biomass. If the fishery is moderately to heavily exploited, total fishery catch will be greater with the reserve in all scenarios of fish and larval movement. If the fishery faces low levels of exploitation, catches can be optimized without a reserve but with controlled fishing effort. With high fish migration from the reserve, catches are optimized with the reserve. The optimal area of the marine reserve depends on the exploitation rate in the neighboring fishing grounds. For example, if exploitation is maintained at 40%, the ‘optimal’ reserve size would be 10%. If the rate increases to 50%, then the reserve needs to be 30% of the management area in order to maximize catches. However, even in lower exploitation fisheries (below 40%), a small reserve (up to 20%) provides significantly higher gains in fish biomass than losses in catch. Marine reserves are a valuable fisheries management tool. To achieve maximum fishery benefits they should be complemented by fishing effort controls.     

Nonlocal effects in helicon wave propagation in a superlattice

Dispersion relations have been obtained on the basis of linear response theory for helicon waves propagating parallel to a magnetic field applied along the axis of a superlattice. Numerical applications have been made to a Kronig-Penney model and the preliminary results clearly indicate nonlocal effects.     

Lower Bounds from State Space Relaxations for Concave Cost Network Flow Problems

In this paper we obtain Lower Bounds (LBs) to concave cost network flow problems. The LBs are derived from state space relaxations of a dynamic programming formulation, which involve the use of non-injective mapping functions guaranteing a reduction on the cardinality of the state space. The general state space relaxation procedure is extended to address problems involving transitions that go across several stages, as is the case of network flow problems. Applications for these LBs include: estimation of the quality of heuristic solutions; local search methods that use information of the LB solution structure to find initial solutions to restart the search (Fontes et al., 2003, Networks, 41, 221–228); and branch-and-bound (BB) methods having as a bounding procedure a modified version of the LB algorithm developed here, (see Fontes et al., 2005a). These LBs are iteratively improved by penalizing, in a Lagrangian fashion, customers not exactly satisfied or by performing state space modifications. Both the penalties and the state space are updated by using the subgradient method. Additional constraints are developed to improve further the LBs by reducing the searchable space. The computational results provided show that very good bounds can be obtained for concave cost network flow problems, particularly for fixed-charge problems.     

Illumination dependence of I-V and C-V characterization of Au/InSb/InP(1 0 0) Schottky structure

The effects of surface preparation and illumination on electric parameters of Au/InSb/InP(100) Schottky diode were investigated, in the later diode InSb forms a fine restructuration layer allowing to block In atoms migration to surface. In order to study the electric characteristics under illumination, we make use of an He-Ne laser of 1 mW power and 632.8 nm wavelength. The current-voltage I(V_G), the capacitance-voltage C(V_G) measurements were plotted and analysed. The saturation current I_s, the serial resistance R_s and the mean ideality factor n are, respectively, equal to 2.03 × 10⁻⁵ A, 85 Ω, 1.7 under dark and to 3.97 × 10⁻⁵ A, 67 Ω, 1.59 under illumination. The analysis of I(V_G) and C(V_G) characteristics allows us to determine the mean interfacial state density N_ss and the transmission coefficient θ_n equal, respectively, to 4.33 × 10¹² eV⁻¹ cm⁻², 4.08 × 10⁻³ under dark and 3.79 × 10¹² eV⁻¹ cm⁻² and 5.65 × 10⁻³ under illumination. The deep discrete donor levels presence in the semiconductor bulk under dark and under illumination are responsible for the non-linearity of the C⁻²(V_G) characteristic.     

Balancing a Rotor with Two Coupled Perfectly Rigid Bodies

The steady motions of a vertical rotor balanced by two coupled perfectly rigid bodies (PRBs) are analyzed for stability. The rotor executes plane-parallel motions. The PRBs can rotate together about the rotor axis and about its transverse axes through equal angles but in opposite directions. It is established that when the mass of the PRBs is much less than that of the rotor and the rotor spins with a superresonant speed, only the basic steady motions, which are those of the best-balanced rotor, are asymptotically stable.     

The orientation-selective growth of LaNiO3 films on Si(100) by pulsed laser deposition using a MgO buffer

Highly (100)-oriented, (110)-oriented and polycrystalline LaNiO₃ (LNO) films were successfully prepared on Si(100) using an oriented MgO film as a buffer. It was somewhat surprising to find that that the orientation relation between the LNO film and the corresponding MgO buffer was: LNO(100)\MgO(110), LNO(110)\MgO(111) and LNO(polycrystalline)\MgO(100). The crystalline quality of the LNO films was shown to be sensitive to the preparation conditions of the MgO buffer. The film surface was very smooth, without micrometer-sized droplets being observed. All LNO films were of metallic conductivity, with a room-temperature resistivities of approximately 250, 280 and 420 μΩ cm for the (110)-oriented, (100)-oriented and polycrystalline LNO, respectively. Received: 2 April 2001 / Accepted: 23 October 2001 / Published online: 3 June 2002     

Ground-state properties of LiV2O4 and Li1-xZnx(V1-yTiy)2O4

We present susceptibility, microwave resistivity, NMR and heat-capacity results for Li_1-xZn_x(V_1-yTi_y)₂O₄ with 0 ? x ? 0.3 and 0 ? y ? 0.3. For all doping levels the susceptibility curves can be fitted with a Curie-Weiss law. The paramagnetic Curie-Weiss temperatures remain negative with an average value close to that of the pure compound Θ≈ - 36 K. Spin-glass anomalies are observed in the susceptibility, heat-capacity and NMR measurements for both type of dopants. From the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate we found critical-dynamic behavior in the Zn doped compounds at the freezing temperatures. For the Ti-doped samples two successive freezing transitions into disordered low-temperature states can be detected. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity for Zn-doped compounds does not resemble that of canonical spin glasses and only a small fraction of the total vanadium entropy is frozen at the spin-glass transitions. For pure LiV₂O₄ the spin-glass transition is completely suppressed. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity for LiV₂O₄ can be described using a nuclear Schottky contribution and the non-Fermi liquid model, appropriate for a system close to a spin-glass quantum critical point. Finally an ( x / y , T )-phase diagram for the low-doping regime is presented. Received 16 March 2001 and Received in final form 30 October 2001     

Expansion of monomer units in poly(ethylene terephthalate) molecules under conditions of thermal and zero-point atomic vibrations

The temperature dependence of the expansion ?_C of trans conformers of the carbon skeleton of macromolecules in crystallized and amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) due to zero-point and thermal atomic vibrations is investigated by IR spectroscopy. It is found that the thermal expansion coefficient β_C jumpwise increases at the characteristic temperatures T _t and T _b. This increase is associated with the crossover from the quantum to classical statistics of torsional and bending vibration modes. The quantum and classical contributions to the expansion ?_C are determined for each mode. The quantum and classical contributions of the torsional vibrational mode in the amorphous polymer are approximately 1.5 times larger than those in the crystallized polymer. This effect is caused by an increase in the anharmonicity of torsional vibrations in the amorphous polymer.     

Stability of steady nonisothermal flow in a vertical layer with permeable boundaries in the microconvection model

The problem of the stability of steady convective viscous incompressible fluid flow in a vertical layer with boundaries at different temperatures is considered in the presence of transverse blowing through the layer. The complete spectral problem is solved for a silicon melt. The neutral curve is constructed and the critical Grashof number is found. The numerical calculations show that the presence of transverse blowing significantly affects the flow stability. As compared with the Oberbeck-Boussinesq model, in the microconvection model the instability develops at lower wavenumbers.     

Changes in the kurtosis parameter of super-Gaussian beams passing through a spherically aberrated lens

Based on the Collins formula and irradiance moments definition, the propagation of the kurtosis parameter of super-Gaussian beams through a spherically aberrated lens is studied. Detailed numerical results are given. It is shown that, as compared with aberration-free super-Gaussian beams, the profile of spherically aberrated super-Gaussian beams can be leptokurtic, mesokurtic or platykurtic, depending on the aberration and propagation distance. The results for the spherically aberrated Gaussian beams can be dealt with as a special case treated in this paper. Finally, the advantage of our method is pointed out.