Improved method for the iodine(III)-mediated preparation of aryl sulfonimidates

[reaction: see text] One-pot hypervalent iodine-mediated oxidations of arylsulfinamides to arylsulfonimidates is reported. Contrary to the case of alkylsulfinamides, use of iodosobenzene was not satisfactory. The reaction worked best with diacetoxyiodosobenzene (DIB) and a mild base (MgO). The influence of substituents on the iodine(III) reagent arene has been examined.     

Investigating the interactions of hyaluronan derivatives with biomolecules. The use of diffusional NMR techniques

[Chemical structure: see text] The interactions between a biomaterial and biomolecules present in body fluids often determine the fate of the biomaterial. This paper presents a study on hyaluronan (HA)-containing materials (in soluble or colloidal form) that focuses on their interactions with lipids and proteins and for the first time uses PFG NMR as an analytical technique for probing these events. The interactions of HA-based polymers with phospholipids (DPPC and DPPG liposomes) are shown to depend both on charge and hydrophobicity factors. Despite the difference in behavior between albumin (substantially non-adhesive) and fibrinogen (adhesive), the interactions of the polymers with proteins do not seem to be based on hydrophobic effects but on surface polar interactions.     

Quantification of abscisic acid in grapevine leaf (Vitis vinifera) by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

A specific, sensitive, precise, and accurate method for the determination of abscisic acid (ABA) in grapevine leaf tissues is described. The method employs high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) to analyze ABA using a stable isotope-labeled ABA as an internal standard. Absolute recoveries ranged from 72% to 79% using methanol/water pH 5.5 (50:50 v/v) as an extraction solvent. The best efficiency was obtained when the chromatographic separation was carried out by using a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column. The statistical evaluation of the method was satisfactory in the work range. A relative standard deviation (RDS) of < 5.5% and < 6.0% was obtained for intra-batch and inter-batch comparisons, respectively. As for accuracy, the relative error (%Er) was between −2.7 and 4.3%, and the relative recovery ranged from 95% to 107%.     

Polar effects and structural variation in 4-substituted 1-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives: a quantum chemical study

The transmission of polar effects through the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane framework has been investigated by ascertaining how the geometry of a phenyl group at a bridgehead position is affected by a variable substituent at the opposite bridgehead position. We have determined the molecular structure of several Ph-C(CH(2)-CH(2))(3)C-X molecules (where X is a charged or dipolar substituent) from HF/6-31G and B3LYP/6-311++G molecular orbital calculations and have progressively replaced each of the three -CH(2)-CH(2)- bridges by a pair of hydrogen atoms. Thus the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives were changed first into cyclohexane derivatives in the boat conformation, then into n-butane derivatives in the anti-syn-anti conformation, and eventually into assemblies of two molecules, Ph-CH(3) and CH(3)-X, appropriately oriented and kept at a fixed distance. For each variable substituent the deformation of the benzene ring relative to X = H remains substantially the same even when the substituent and the phenyl group are no longer connected by covalent bonds. This provides unequivocal evidence that long-range polar effects in bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives are actually field effects, being transmitted through space rather than through bonds. Varying the substituent X in a series of Ph-C(CH(2)-CH(2))(3)C-X molecules gives rise to geometrical variation (relative to X = H) not only in the benzene ring but also in the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane cage. The two deformations are poorly correlated. The rather small deformation of the benzene ring correlates well with traditional measures of long-range polar effects in bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives, such as sigma(F) or sigma(I) values. The much larger deformation of the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane cage is controlled primarily by the electronegativity of X, similar to deformation of the benzene ring in Ph-X molecules. Thus the field and electronegativity effects of the substituent are well separated and can be studied simultaneously, as they act on different parts of the molecular skeleton.     

S3O and S3O+ in the gas phase: Ring and open-chain structures

Ring and open-chain S3O sulfur oxides are detected by neutralization-reionization experiments.     

A simple and practical phase-separation approach to the recycling of a homogeneous metathesis catalyst

The air stable asarone-derived Ru carbene 16, a robust olefin metathesis catalyst, can be easily separated after reaction by deposition on silica gel and reused up to nine times. This procedure provides products of excellent purity with low Ru content.     

Hydrocarboxylation of terminal alkenes in supercritical carbon dioxide using perfluorinated surfactants

High selectivity in acids is obtained in the first example of hydrocarboxylation of 1-octene in supercritical carbon dioxide using a Pd/P(4-C6H4-CF3)3 catalyst system and a perfluorinated surfactant.     

Molecular structure and benzene ring deformation of three ethynylbenzenes from gas-phase electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations

The molecular structures of ethynylbenzene and s-triethynylbenzene have been accurately determined by gas-phase electron diffraction and ab initio/DFT MO calculations and are compared to that of p-diethynylbenzene from a previous study [Domenicano, A.; Arcadi, A.; Ramondo, F.; Campanelli, A. R.; Portalone, G.; Schultz, G.; Hargittai, I. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 14625]. Although the equilibrium structures of the three molecules have C2v, D3h, and D2h symmetry, respectively, the corresponding average structures in the gaseous phase are best described by nonplanar models of Cs, C3v, and C2v symmetry, respectively. The lowering of symmetry is due to the large-amplitude motions of the substituents out of the plane of the benzene ring. The use of nonplanar models in the electron diffraction analysis yields ring angles consistent with those from MO calculations. The molecular structure of ethynylbenzene reported from microwave spectroscopy studies is shown to be inaccurate in the ipso region of the benzene ring. The variations of the ring C-C bonds and C-C-C angles in p-diethynylbenzene and s-triethynylbenzene are well interpreted as arising from the superposition of independent effects from each substituent. In particular, experiments and calculations consistently show that the mean length of the ring C-C bonds increases by about 0.002 A per ethynyl group. MO calculations at different levels of theory indicate that though the length of the C[triple bond]C bond of the ethynyl group is unaffected by the pattern of substitution, the C(ipso)-C(ethynyl) bonds in p-diethynylbenzene are 0.001-0.002 A shorter than the corresponding bonds in ethynylbenzene and s-triethynylbenzene. This small effect is attributed to conjugation of the two substituents through the benzene ring. Comparison of experimental and MO results shows that the differences between the lengths of the C(ipso)-C(ethynyl) and C(ipso)-C(ortho) bonds in the three molecules, 0.023-0.027 A, are correctly computed at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory but are overestimated by a factor of 2 when calculated at the HF level.     

Estimates of the energy of intramolecular hydrogen bonds

A method for the estimation of the energy of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in conjugated systems existing in a variety of conformations is presented. The method is applied to determine the intramolecular hydrogen bond energy in 3-aminopropenal and 3-aminopropenthial. According to the proposed estimation scheme, the intramolecular H-bond energies are found to be of the order of 5-7 kcal/mol. These results are compared with those obtained by using other estimation schemes as well as with the recent results by other authors. Also, the H-bond energies in dimers and trimers of the two molecules are calculated and compared with the corresponding data for internally hydrogen-bonded monomers. This comparison shows that the bond equalization effect is primarily due to proton donor-proton acceptor proximity. In comparison with intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the rigidity of the chelate skeleton enhances this proximity effect. The same effect can be seen in systems with intermolecular hydrogen bonds, although its magnitude is diminished because of the absence of additional forces which pull the proton donor and proton acceptor groups toward each other. No specific resonance-assisted origin of the intramolecular hydrogen bond energy seems to be needed to elucidate the energetics of these bonds.     

EPR study on the ligand-exchange reaction between bis(diethyldiselenocarbamato)copper(II) and bis(octyldithiocarbonato)copper(II)

EPR study on the ligand-exchange reaction between bis(diethyldiselenocarbamato)copper(II), Cu(Et2dsc)2, and bis(octyldithiocarbonato)copper(II), Cu(octxant)2, in CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C6H6 and C6H5.CH3 is reported for the first time. Mixing of equimolar amounts of the parents (chromophores CuSe4 and CuS4, respectively) in C6H6, C6H5.CH3 and CH2Cl2 makes EPR signals of both parents superimposed by the spectrum of a mixed-chelate Cu(xant)(dsc) complex (chromophore CuS2Se2). A new additional EPR spectrum appears in CHCl3 or CCl4 due to a five-coordinate mixed-ligand complex with the chromophore Cu(S3Se)S as follows by comparing the g-values of parents and mixed-ligand complexes. The appearance of this complex could be explained having in mind donor-acceptor properties of complexes, solvents and the resultant reaction of Cu(octxant)2 with the ester of diselenocarbamic acid yielded in Cu(Et2dsc)2 destruction by CCl4 or CHCl3.