The convergence rate for the strong law of large numbers: General lattice distributions

LetX ₁,X ₂, ... be a sequence of independent random variables with common lattice distribution functionF having zero mean, and let (S _n ) be the random walk of partial sums. The strong law of large numbers (SLLN) implies that for any and >0

Ultrasound treatment acceleration of solvent extraction for fumigant residues from wheat

Concerns about consumer and worker safety and the fate of fumigants have fuelled strong efforts to determine their residues in foodstuffs. Fumigants are usually extracted from commodities with solvent at room temperature (25 degrees C). In this paper, solvent extraction of methyl bromide, phosphine, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide using ultrasonic acceleration or heating was evaluated. Wheat samples plus solvent, in gas-tight bottles, were placed in an ultrasonic chamber or an oven (50 degrees C), and fumigants were released into the headspace over the solvent. Completeness of extraction was demonstrated within 2 h for ultrasonic extraction, 7-20 h for 50 degrees C heating, and 8-35 h for room temperature extraction. The rapidity of extraction was mainly due to ultrasonic vibration rather than increased temperature.     

Co-precipitation in some binary sulphate systems

Studies have been made of the distribution behaviour of tracers with alkaline earth sulphates, using the technique of precipitation from homogeneous solution. The co-precipitation of strontium with barium sulphate and of lead, lanthanum, and yttrium, separately, with barium sulphate, and with strontium sulphate, were investigated. Although there was qualitative correlation between the observed values of the distribution coefficient and the theoretical solubility product ratios for each of the binary systems studied, the divergence between theory and observation was so great that it seems unlikely that there is any quantitative correlation.     

Synthesis of substituted 5-aminomethyl tetrahydro-isoquinolines and dihydro-isoindoles

The synthesis of ten substituted aminomethylene tetrahydro-isoquinolines is described, proceeding in eight steps from 5-hydroxyisoquinoline via reductive amination of N-Boc tetrahydro-isoquinoline 5-carboxaldehyde. Likewise, reductive amination was used to prepare four substituted dihydro-isoindoles from the corresponding aldehyde. The dihydro-isoindole ring system was conveniently accessed via a 2+2+2 cycloaddition reaction.     

Radical copolymerization of 2-acryloyl thioxanthone with methyl methacrylate

A novel monomer, 2-acryloyl thioxanthone (TXA), was prepared by reaction of 2-hydroxy thioxanthone with acryloyl chloride. Copolymerization of TXA with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in DMF at 80°C was studied in order to evaluate relative reactivities of these monomers. Values of 1.36 and 0.5 were found for the respective reactivity ratios of MMA and TXA, respectively. The resonance stabilization and polar properties were determined and discussed in terms of spectroscopic data.     

SULFOPHTHALOCYANINES FOR PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION OF VIRUSES IN BLOOD PRODUCTS: EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS

Abstract— Transmission of infectious diseases through blood transfusions is well known. Ultraviolet irradiation, solvents and detergents provide a means of sterilizing noncellular blood components. However these harsh methods are not applicable to cellular blood products. Recently, attempts have been made to sterilize biological fluids using photodynamic treatment and phthalocyanine (Pc) dyes have been advanced as photosensitizers for this purpose. We have evaluated a series of water-soluble Pc, chelated with different central metal ions, substituted to different degrees with sulfonato and r-butyl groups, for their effectiveness to reduce virus infectivity in red blood cell suspensions. Vaccinia virus cytopathogenicity was determined by endpoint serial dilutions in the CV-1 cell line. Anti-viral activity increased with the central metal ion in the following order: Ga(III) < Al(III) < Zn(II), and varied inversely with the degree of sulfonation. Furthermore, addition of a t -butyl group onto the trisulfonated dyes (PcS₃[ t -Bul) resulted in a 5–40-fold increase in anti-viral potency, suggesting that amphiphilicity enhances the photodynamic activity of the dye. Strong anti-viral photosensitizing properties cannot be the sole selection criterion. Of equal importance is the preservation of blood component integrity. Accordingly, the photohemolytic activity of the dyes was evaluated using the rate of hemolysis as a parameter and a toxicity index was defined. Among the most active dyes, the AlPcS₃( t -Bu) complex exhibited the most favorable anti-viral properties combined with a low toxicity index. Our results suggest that trisulfophthalocyanines, bearing an additional t -butyl group to enhance amphiphilicity, are particularly promising dyes for photodynamic blood sterilization.     

Anionic hyperconjugation

Although hyperconjugation involving alkyl groups to a carbocation is a well-established concept, the analogous charge delocalization generated in anions by electronegative substitution has long been a subject of controversy. We have investigated this phenomenon for the β-hydroxyethyl and β-trifluoroethyl anions using ab initio electronic structure calculations. Split valence basis sets augmented by diffuse functions were used with fully optimized geometries. Three dimensional molecular orbital plots clearly show an in-plane HOMO-LUMO mixing of a C-X σ antibonding orbital with the carbon lone pair which yields hyperconjugative π bonding in the anti conformation. Deformation density maps further demonstrate that this delocalization leads to the development of a π component as well as a previously unrecognized sigma enhancement. These results support and extend the work of Apeloig and that of Schleyer and Kos, but are in opposition to the induction hypothesis of Streitwieser and Holtz. The recent experimental determination of the acidity of (CF₃)₃CH by Tatlow $\text{et al}$ and their interpretation in terms of fluorine hyperconjugation are also in accord with this work.