Synthesis and characterization of a Ru(II) complex with functionalized phenanthroline ligands having single-double linked anthracenyl and 1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne moieties

Two series of bidentate polypyridine ligands, made of phenanthroline chelating subunits having substituted mono-and di-anthracenyl groups, and 1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne at the 4 and 7-positions with the corresponding heteroleptic Ru(II) complex have been synthesized and characterized. The complex is formulated as [(Ru(L(1))(L(2))(NCS)(2))], (where L(1 )= 4-(9-dianthracenyl-10-(2,3-dimethylacrylic acid)-7-(9-anthracenyl-10-(2,3-dimethylacrylic acid)-1,10-phenanthroline and L(2) = 4,7-bis(1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne)-1,10-phenanthroline). The Ru(II) complex shows characteristic broad and intense metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands absorption and appreciable photoluminescence spanning the visible region. The ligands and complex were characterized by FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis, photoluminescence and elemental analysis (see in supplementary materials). The anchoring groups in both ligands have allowed an extended delocalization of acceptor orbital of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state.     

Chemical composition and molecular speciation of the triacylglycerol of the oils of Lonchocarpus sericeus and Lonchocarpus cyanescens

Proximate composition of the seeds and chemical analysis of the oils of Lonchocarpus sericeus and Lonchocarpus cyanescens were determined. The oil content of the seed of L. cyanescens is 29.71?±?0.20% while that of L. sericeus is 28.00?±?0.50%. The seeds as well as the oils of L. cyanescens and L. sericeus were found to be rich in K, Na and Fe. Linolenic (C18:3) and oleic (C18:1) acid are the dominant fatty acids while the neutral lipids the dominant lipid class in the oils. Phytol, sterols, beta-tocopherol and hydrocarbons were identified in the unsaponifiable matters of the oils using GC-MS. The HPLC results revealed the presence of glycolipids, which are monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosylmonoacylglycerol and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol. Molecular speciation of the triacylglycerol revealed the presence of molecular species with equivalent carbon chain numbers C(36) (L. sericeus) and C(50) (L. cyanescens) to be dominantly present in the oils.     

Properties of sodium phosphate-hydroxy ethanolamide gemini surfactant synthesized from the seed oil of Luffa cylindrical

The production of surfactant from biological and renewable sources is important as this reduces environmental hazards since the products are highly biodegradable. Oil extracted from the seed of Luffa cylindrica using hexane in a soxhlet extractor was used in the synthesis of sodium phosphate-hydroxy ethanolamide via a simple reaction mechanism. The progress of the reaction was monitored and confirmed by FTIR, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR. The process used gave a yield of 88.46% of sodium phosphate-hydroxy ethanolamide. The properties of this compound were compared with those of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) used as a known reference surfactant. Important properties of sodium phosphate-hydroxy ethanolamide such as foam stability, wetting power and surface tension turned out superior to those of the known reference surfactant (SDS).      

A new method of analysis of peroxydisulfate using ion chromatography and its application to the simultaneous determination of peroxydisulfate and other common inorganic ions in a peroxydisulfate matrix

A new method for the determination of peroxydisulfate using ion chromatography has been developed. Elution of peroxydisulfate was effected by isocratic elution using 200 mM NaOH at 40°C. A modification of the method using gradient elution was able to simultaneously determine other common inorganic ions (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate and chloride) down to significantly low concentrations in a peroxydisulfate matrix. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were in the range of 0.5-5%, for peak areas and <0.2% for peak retention times. The recoveries were between 95% and 120% for a concentration range of about 0.5-42 ppm. The limit of detection for peroxydisulfate ion was 0.2 ppm and for the other ions were ≤2×10(-2) ppm. The calibration curves were linear with slope and intercepts close to 1 and 0, respectively.     

Photochromic property of ternary transition metal oxide nanocomposite prepared with co-solvated deep eutectic mixtures

Research on Chemical Intermediates - The application of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in the synthesis of photochromic transition metal oxide (TMO)-based nanocomposites is gaining attention in...     

Effect of feedstock water leaching on ignition and PM1.0 emission during biomass combustion in a flat-flame burner reactor

In this work, the effects of feedstock water leaching on ignition and PM_1.0 emission during biomass combustion were studied, for the first time, in a Hencken flat-flame burner reactor (HFFBR). A high-speed video camera and high-resolution electrical low-pressure impactor were respectively employed to diagnose ignition and PM_1.0 along the height of the burner. The mineral composition of PM₁₀₊ was measured as a function of height to demonstrate the potassium release during the early stage of biomass combustion. The results show that water leaching does not change the functional group of the biomass (straw), but increases the BET surface area and pore volume. Water leaching removes 90% of the potassium and all the chlorine, reducing the same amount of PM_1.0 emission. The effect of water leaching on ignition delay observed in the flat-flame burner reactor agrees with the delay of biomass-devolatilization in TGA. Profiles of mineral composition in the PM₁₀₊ with height shows that a large amount of the potassium is released before biomass ignition. This indicates that, at realistic heating rates, the catalytic promotion of water-soluble minerals on biomass ignition is primarily through promoting devolatilization. The ignition delay of biomass particles caused by water leaching is more significant at lower temperature, e.g., ignition is delayed from 20 to 24?ms at 1000?°C, and from 9.2 to 10.2?ms at 1300?°C.     

Simultaneous determination of amodiaquine and pioglitazone on dried blood spots (DBS) by HPLC–DAD and its usefulness in pharmacokinetic studies

A simple and rapid method for simultaneous determination of amodiaquine and pioglitazone in dried blood spots (DBS) was developed and validated. Blood samples were spotted on protein saver cards and dried and a 4-mm punch was extracted with methanol first and later with 1% acetic acid and dichloromethane. The separation was achieved on a C8 Zorbax Eclipse XDB analytical column (4?µm, 150?×?4.6?mm² i.d.) at 27°C with a mobile phase of methanol/0.2% acetic acid (60:40) at a flow rate of 0.8?mL/min and detected at 230?nm. The method was linear over the range 2–80?ng/mL for amodiaquine and 10–1500?ng/mL for pioglitazone with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9995. The limits of detection were 1.12 and 10.93?µg/L and the limits of quantification were 3.39 and 33.11?µg/L for amodiaquine and pioglitazone, respectively. The inter- and intra-day precision were <6.7 and <7% for amodiaquine and <6.3 and <3% for pioglitazone. The method was applied to estimate the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in four healthy volunteers and it was found to yield identical PK profiles with other earlier methods supporting the use of DBS as an alternative for PK study.     

Synthesis and surface-active property of diethanolamide and epoxidised diethanolamide surfactant from the seed oil of Baphia nitida

Oil was extracted from the seed of Baphia nitida, characterised and used in the production of diethanolamide and epoxidised diethanolamide via transamidation reaction. The oil of B. nitida had C18:2 (50.00 ± 0.20%) fatty acid as the most abundant fatty acid. The epoxidised diethanolamide was synthesised by peroxyformic acid generated in situ by reacting formic acid and hydrogen peroxide with the oil of B. nitida. The formation of the diethanolamide and epoxidised diethanolamide was monitored and confirmed using FTIR and ¹H NMR. The epoxidised diethanolamide showed better surface-active properties than the diethanolamide in terms of emulsion stability, and foaming power.     

Modelling the viscosity of carbon-based nanomaterials dispersed in diesel oil: a machine learning approach

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The viscosity of a nanofluid is one of its fundamental thermophysical properties, and it is an important consideration in heat transfer applications....     

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving ultrasound for waste water treatment: A review with emphasis on cost estimation

Two things are needed for any technology to be suitable for use in the industry, viz. 1. Technical feasibility and 2. Economical feasibility. The use of ultrasound for waste water treatment has been shown to be technically feasible by numerous reports in the literature over the years. But there are hardly any exhaustive reports which address the issue of economical feasibility of the use of ultrasound for waste water treatment on industrial scale.Hence an attempt was made to estimate the cost for the waste water treatment using ultrasound. The costs have been calculated for 1000 L/min capacity treatment plant. The costs were calculated based upon the rate constants for pollutant degradation. The pollutants considered were phenol, trichloroethylene (TCE) and reactive azo dyes. Time required for ninety percent degradation of pollutant was taken as the residence time. The amount of energy required to achieve the target degradation was calculated from the energy density (watt/ml) used in the treatability study. The cost of treatment was calculated by considering capital cost and operating cost involved for the waste water treatment. Quotations were invited from vendors to ascertain the capital cost of equipments involved and operating costs were calculated based on annual energy usage. The cost was expressed in dollars per 1000 gallons of waste water treated. These treatment costs were compared with other established Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) technologies. The cost of waste water treatment for phenol was in the range of $89 per 1000 gallons for UV/US/O₃ to $15,536 per 1000 gallons for US alone. These costs for TCE were in the range of $25 per 1000 gallons to $91 for US + UV treatment and US alone, respectively. The cost of waste water treatment for reactive azo dyes was in the range of $65 per 1000 gallon for US + UV + H₂O₂ to $14,203 per 1000 gallon for US alone.This study should help in quantifying the economics of waste water treatment using ultrasound on industrial scale. We strongly believe that this study will immensely help the researchers working in the area of applications of ultrasound for waste water treatment in terms of where the technology stands today as compared to other available commercial AOP technologies. This will also help them think for different ways to improve the efficiency of using ultrasound or search for other ways of generating cavitation which may be more efficient and help reduce the cost of treatment in future.