The management of high seas fisheries

The intergovernmental United Nations Conference on Highly Migratory and Straddling Stocks, initiated in 1993 and finished in 1995, addressed the conservation and management of fishery resources located both within the coastal state 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the adjacent high seas. These types of marine resources continue to be a source for international conflicts and debates. The original United Nations Law of the Sea of 1982 failed to address transboundary fisheries in a proper way. In particular, the agreement did not recognize the emergence of the complicated straddling stock issue. In the new United Nations Law of the Sea agreement of 1995, a consensus was reached that the management of the straddling and highly migratory fish stocks should be carried out through regional fisheries management organizations. We present a review of the straddling stock issues in the international agreement emerging from the negotiations within the United Nations. The review is contrasted with and clarified by game theoretic analyses. We also discuss one international fishery exemplifying the case, the Norwegian springspawning herring. The main conclusion is that the local problems, faced during the stage of setting up regional fisheries organizations for the management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, are expected to be much more complicated and difficult to solve as compared to the cases of shared fish stocks. In the current paper, we present two reasons for this increased complexity. The first is the larger number of players as compared to the case of shared fish stocks and the second is the possibility of new members entering the regional fisheries organizations.     

Spectroscopic study of solid benzene and benzene isolated in rare-gas matrices

Absorption and luminescence excitation spectra of solid benzene and benzene isolated in rare-gas matrices have been studied. The absolute absorption cross sections of various electronic band systems including the Rydberg region of C₆H₆ are obtained using transmission spectra of C₆H₆-doped rare-gas films of different thickness. An interpretation of the structure in the Rydberg region is given in terms of two Rydberg series using the quantum defect method. A comparative study has been made of luminescence excitation spectra of matrix-isolated and of pure C₆H₆. The luminescence excitation spectra of matrix-isolated benzene gives information on the internal conversion and medium-induced vibrational relaxation.     

Extended-ion approximation and pressure shifts inF-band energies

Pressure variation of maximumF-band absorption energies in the halides of lithium, sodium and potassium has been investigated employing the extended-ion approximation for the calculation of theF-electron energy eigenvalues and using values of local compressibility in the neighbourhood of theF-centres which include the effect of vacancy and pressure. The results obtained agree with the experimental results.     

Radiative corrections and quantum gates in molecular systems

We propose a method for quantum information processing using molecules coupled to an external laser field. This utilizes molecular interactions, control of the external field, and an effective energy shift of the doubly excited state of two coupled molecules. Such a level shift has been seen in the two-photon resonance experiments recently reported by Hettich et al. Here we show that this can be explained in terms of the QED Lamb shift. We quantify the performance of the proposed quantum logic gates in the presence of dissipative mechanisms. The unitary transformations required for performing one- and two-qubit operations can be implemented with present day molecular technology. The proposed techniques can also be applied to coupled quantum dot and biomolecular systems.     

Structure and electric properties of InTe1-x Sex,In1-x GaxTe, and In1-x Tlx Te solid solutions

The local environment of Ga, Tl, and Se atoms in InTe-based solid solutions have been studied by the method of EXAFS spectroscopy. It is shown that these atoms can be regarded as substitutional impurities occupying the In(1), In (2), and Te positions in the InTe structure. Electric measurements showed that the In_1-x Ga_xTe and InTe_1-x Se_x solid solutions are semiconductors at x > 0.24 and x > 0.15, respectively.     

Evolving trends in the dereplication of natural product extracts. 3: further lasiodiplodins from Lasiodiplodia theobromae, an endophyte from Mapania kurzii

Two further lasiodiplodins, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-de-O-methyl-lasiodiplodin and (E)-9-etheno-de-O-methyl-lasiodiplodin, together with three known lasiodiplodins from a cytotoxic extract obtained from a culture of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, an endophyte from the root tissues of Mapania kurzii (Cyperaceae) from the Malaysian rain forest, were characterized on microgram scale.     

Quantum metrology with entangled coherent states

We present an improved phase estimation scheme employing entangled coherent states and demonstrate that these states give the smallest variance in the phase parameter in comparison to NOON, "bat," and "optimal" states under perfect and lossy conditions. As these advantages emerge for very modest particle numbers, the optical version of entangled coherent state metrology is achievable with current technology.