铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶的生长基元与生长机理: II.成 分、结构起伏与 同型生长基元的分异和组装

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶体PMNT,PZNT的生长基元为多种[BO~6]配位八面体。这些同型生长基元受本身稳定性的制约而在熔体中存在的几率不同。相对于[MgO~6]^1^0^-,[ZnO~6]^1^0^-八面体基元来说,[NbO~6]^7^-,[TiO~6]^8^-是更为有利的八面体基元。在基元组装过程中,各种[BO~6]八面体基元在稳定性、尺寸大小与电价上的分异致使生长界面对基元有一定的选择性,从而造成了晶体生长时成分与结构的短程起伏,并为有序畴及其它化学缺陷团簇的形成提供了条件。当加入掺质PbTiO~3时,由于[TiO~6]^8^-与[NbO~6]^7^-两种基元在组装时的类聚性及[TiO~6]^8^-对晶体稳定性的贡献,晶体的微区成分与结构得以调制,焦发石相得以抑制,这构成了用Bridgman法能直接从熔体中生长出纯钙钛矿相PMNT单晶的基础。而[MgO~6]^1^0^-与[ZnO~6]^1^0^-八面体基元的差致使PMNT,PZNT两单晶的生长难度有别,这在选择合适的生长方法时需加以考虑。     

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶的生长基元与生长机理: II.成 分、结构起伏与 同型生长基元的分异和组装

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶体PMNT,PZNT的生长基元为多种[BO~6]配位八面体。这些同型生长基元受本身稳定性的制约而在熔体中存在的几率不同。相对于[MgO~6]^1^0^-,[ZnO~6]^1^0^-八面体基元来说,[NbO~6]^7^-,[TiO~6]^8^-是更为有利的八面体基元。在基元组装过程中,各种[BO~6]八面体基元在稳定性、尺寸大小与电价上的分异致使生长界面对基元有一定的选择性,从而造成了晶体生长时成分与结构的短程起伏,并为有序畴及其它化学缺陷团簇的形成提供了条件。当加入掺质PbTiO~3时,由于[TiO~6]^8^-与[NbO~6]^7^-两种基元在组装时的类聚性及[TiO~6]^8^-对晶体稳定性的贡献,晶体的微区成分与结构得以调制,焦发石相得以抑制,这构成了用Bridgman法能直接从熔体中生长出纯钙钛矿相PMNT单晶的基础。而[MgO~6]^1^0^-与[ZnO~6]^1^0^-八面体基元的差致使PMNT,PZNT两单晶的生长难度有别,这在选择合适的生长方法时需加以考虑。     

β-BBO晶体的结晶习性与形成机理

从结晶化学角度出发,研究了β-BBO结构中的基本结构单元,[B_3O_6]~(3-)环状络阴离子的结晶方位与晶体各族晶面的对应关系,根据Na_2O-BaB_2O_4溶液结构的测定资料,提出β-BBO晶体生长基元的结构形式和生长基元往各族晶面上叠合的规律。讨论了β-BBO晶体结晶习性的形成机制。由于物理化学条件的不同,生长基元的维度也不相同,而不同维度的生长基元往晶体各族晶面上的叠合速率比也会发生相应的变化,这是导致晶体形貌上形成多变性的原因。     

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶的生长基元与生长机理1: PMNT单晶的表面形貌 、负晶结构及生长基元的组装与拆分

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶体PMNT的生长基元为多种[BO~6]配位八面体,晶体生长过程可视为多种八面体基元与Pb^2^+的组装过程。这些生长基元向{111}面叠合时易采取法向生长机制,向{001}面叠合时易采取层状生长机制,由此决定了晶体生长速度的各向异性与晶体的形貌。Bridgman法生长的PMNT晶体在生长过程中由内向生长机制形成规则的负晶结构;在晶体生长过程中,在其自然表面上可形成正形与负形两种形貌;在高温退火过程中,由于PbO的分解,晶体表面上可形成类似"蚀象"的构型,这些可从[BO~6]八面体生长基元的组装或拆分方面获得解释。     

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶的生长基元与生长机理1: PMNT单晶的表面形貌 、负晶结构及生长基元的组装与拆分

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶体PMNT的生长基元为多种[BO~6]配位八面体,晶体生长过程可视为多种八面体基元与Pb^2^+的组装过程。这些生长基元向{111}面叠合时易采取法向生长机制,向{001}面叠合时易采取层状生长机制,由此决定了晶体生长速度的各向异性与晶体的形貌。Bridgman法生长的PMNT晶体在生长过程中由内向生长机制形成规则的负晶结构;在晶体生长过程中,在其自然表面上可形成正形与负形两种形貌;在高温退火过程中,由于PbO的分解,晶体表面上可形成类似"蚀象"的构型,这些可从[BO~6]八面体生长基元的组装或拆分方面获得解释。     

官能团化聚丙烯对Mg(OH)2/PP结晶与熔融行为的影响

制备了官能团化聚丙烯改性Mg(OH)2/PP复合材料，并用DSC研究了改性PP，Mg(OH)2/PP和改性Mg/(OH)2/PP中PP的结晶与熔融行为，官能团化PP（FPP），丙烯酸（AA）和Mg(OH)2都能提高PP的结晶温度，归结于异相成核作用，AA和FPP加入进一步使Mg(OH)/PP中PP结晶温度提高，但AA用量增加对PP结晶温度无影响。     

几种极性有机晶体的生长习性与形成机理

有机晶体特别是极性有机晶体, 在不同的溶剂中具有明显不同的生长习性。本文通过对4-氨基-4'-硝基二苯硫醚(ANDS)等几种典型极性有机晶体在不同溶剂中的生长习性和结晶形貌的讨论, 提出了偶极生长基元叠合模型, 从两个方面探讨了这些习性的形成机理, 即(1)有机晶体在不同的溶剂中具有不同结构和形式的生长基元(对于极性有机晶体而言, 这些生长基元都具有偶极子特征), 而不同的生长基元往晶体的各个面族上叠合的相对速率不同, 从而导致了晶体习性的改变; (2)晶体生长界面的性质不同, 特别是对于极性晶体, 晶体界面的极性不同;不同的溶剂与生长晶体的界面相互作用不同, 即使同种溶剂对晶体不同界面上的作用也不同, 因而改变了生长界面的性质,影响了生长基元在晶体界面, 特别是晶体正、负极面上的叠合速率, 从而导致了晶体形貌的变化。由此比较合理地解释了晶体所呈现的不同的生长习性, 特别是合理地解释了极性有机晶体所呈现的极性生长特征。     

硅藻土原位负载网状纳米结构硅酸镁及其对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能

采用MgCl_2·6H_2O作为镁源,NH_3·H_2O作为沉淀剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为模板剂,以水热法在硅藻土表面原位生长纳米花状Mg(OH)_2,随反应时间增加,转变成单斜晶系网状结构Mg_3Si_4O_(10)(OH)_2纳米花。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附测试、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对样品进行了表征,结果显示:反应时间为0.5～2.0 h时硅藻土表面以生长Mg(OH)_2为主,样品的比表面积为180 m~2·g~(-1);反应时间至3h时,硅藻土表面Mg(OH)_2转化成网状结构Mg_3Si_4O_(10)(OH)_2,样品比表面积增大到350 m~2·g~(-1),此复合结构对Cr(Ⅵ)最大吸附量可达570 mg·g~(-1)。     

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶的生长基元与生长机理Ⅰ.PMNT单晶的表面形貌、负晶结构及生长基元的组装与拆分

铅基复合钙钛矿型弛豫铁电单晶体PMNT的生长基元为多种[BO_6]配位八面体,晶体生长过程可视为多种八面体基元与Pb~(2 )的组装过程.这些生长基元向{111}面叠合时易采取法向生长机制,向{001}面叠合时易采取层状生长机制,由此决定了晶体生长速度的各向异性与晶体的形貌.Bridgman法生长的PMNT晶体在生长过程中由内向生长机制形成规则的负晶结构;在晶体生长过程中,在其自然表面上可形成正形与负形两种形貌;在高温退火过程中,由于PbO的分解,晶体表面上可形成类似“蚀象”的构型,这些可从[BO_6]八面体生长基元的组装或拆分方面获得解释.     

Al6(OH)18(H2O)6的结构及成键方位的从头算及密度泛函分析Ⅱ

用RHF法6-31G、6-31G*、6-31G**水平的量子化学从头算及RB3LYP/6-31G、B3LYP/6-31G*,B3LYP/6-31G**水平的密度泛函方法,采用SCRF=Dipole溶剂模型,计算了三水铝石有利生长基元最优结构Al6(OH)18(H2O)6的总能量、布居数、原子静电荷等.计算结果表明,桥联OH基团更易成键,Al6(OH)18(H2O)6较为有利的成键方位是桥联OH基团方位.     

双注-水热法制备高分散氢氧化镁纳米片

本工作以氯化镁、氢氧化钠为原料，氯化钠为衬底溶液，探讨了采用双注-水热法制备高分散氢氧化镁纳米片的可行性。结果表明：采用双注方式或提高衬底溶液氯化钠浓度均有利于降低反应体系过饱和度，改善常温产物的结晶性和分散性；对常温合成的氢氧化镁进行水热处理可进一步提高产物的结晶度，形成形貌规则、粒径分布窄、分散良好的氢氧化镁纳米片。     

The influence of Al(III) supersaturation and NaOH concentration on the rate of crystallization of Al(OH)3 precursor particles from sodium aluminate solutions

The growth kinetics of colloidal Al(III)-containing particles (diameter<1000 nm), nucleated in optically clear, supersaturated sodium aluminate solutions as a precursor to Al(OH)(3) crystals, has been studied using dynamic light scattering. Two series of solutions were examined at 22 degrees C to determine the influence of Al(III) supersaturation and NaOH concentration on the initial particle growth behavior. One solution series consisted of solutions with constant Al(III) absolute supersaturation (DeltaC) of 1.48 M and [NaOH] range 1.83-4.00 M ([NaOH]/[Al(III)]=1.13-2.15) and Al(III) relative supersaturation (sigma)=3.86-10.36. The other solution series had a constant sigma of 7.55 and [NaOH] range of 1.50-4.27 M ([NaOH]/[Al(III)]=1.18-1.54) and DeltaC=0.86-3.19. The correlation between the initial particle growth rates and supersaturation (DeltaC or sigma) revealed marked anomalies over the entire supersaturation range studied. The growth rate remained substantially constant in the DeltaC range 0.86-2.55 M (for the constant sigma solution series), before increasing sharply upon a further increase of DeltaC beyond 2.55 M. The variation of the growth rate with sigma in the range 3.86-9.00 (for the constant DeltaC solution series) was remarkably weak, contrary to expectation. At higher sigma (>9.00), however, a marked increase in growth rate with increasing sigma was displayed. At constant DeltaC or sigma, the growth rate showed a strong variation with NaOH concentration, indicating that Na(+) and OH(-) species play a pivotal role in the Al(OH) precursor particles (nuclei) growth process. Furthermore, the kinetics of growth displayed by these nanosized particles are an order of magnitude slower than those observed for macroscopic gibbsite (gamma-Al(OH)(3)) crystals at similar supersaturations and temperature. The difference may be rationalized in terms of particle size and Al(OH)(3) dimorphic phase dependent solubility effects. An empirically adequate growth kinetics modeling was achieved when the growth rates were correlated with the Al(III) supersaturation (DeltaC or sigma) and the excess (free) NaOH concentration, rather than the former alone, as is commonly the case. A critical [NaOH]/[Al(III)] molar ratio of 1.27-1.35, below which the particle growth rate increased markedly and above which the rate was significantly reduced, was observed. This behavior is believed to be linked to solution speciation change that occurs at certain Al(III) and NaOH compositions.     

矿化剂对水热法改性氢氧化镁晶体的影响

近几年来,氢氧化镁作为一种无机阻燃剂由于其具有制备条件相对温和,生产工艺简单且产品与自然环境友好等特点,在研究及生产活动方面备受关注且得到了长足的发展[1～4].目前采用氢氧化钠法进行反应一水热制备高分散阻燃级氢氧化镁的工艺路线已经比较成熟[5～8].然而,不利的是,氢氧化钠偏高的价格导致了产品的制造成本较高.而采用石灰法制备氢氧化镁阻燃剂具有价格低廉的特点,引起了人们的关注.     

水热合成α-Ni（OH）2纳米线的形成机理研究

设计实验研究了以无机镍盐和NaOH为原料,利用水热法制备Ni(OH)2纳米线,OH-和SO24-对于产物形貌的影响,并利用X射线衍射(XRD),傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),透射电镜(TEM)等对材料结构、形貌和成分进行了表征,研究了Ni(OH)2纳米线形成的相关机理.结果表明,低的OH-浓度与高纯的SO24-水热环境是α-Ni(OH)2纳米线形成的关键因素.SO24-能够加速α-Ni(OH)2晶体沿[001]方向的生长,而OH-含量较低时,较低的库伦斥力不足以阻碍晶体沿[001]方向生长过程的进行.     

Synthesis of Ag2O nanocrystals with systematic shape evolution from cubic to hexapod structures and their surface properties

We report the development of a facile method for the synthesis of Ag(2)O crystals with systematic shape evolution from cubic to edge- and corner-truncated cubic, rhombicuboctahedral, edge- and corner-truncated octahedral, octahedral, and hexapod structures by mixing AgNO(3), NH(4)NO(3), and NaOH at molar ratios of 1:2:11.8. A sufficient volume of NaOH solution was first added to a mixture of AgNO(3) and NH(4)NO(3) solution to promote the formation of Ag(NH(3))(2)(+) complex ions and the growth of Ag(2)O nanocrystals with good morphological control. The crystals are mostly submicrometer-sized. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy characterization has been performed to determine the crystalline surface facets. A band gap value of approximately 1.45 eV has been found for the octahedral Ag(2)O crystals. By changing the molar ratios of AgNO(3)/NH(4)NO(3)/NaOH to 1:2:41.8, corner-depressed rhombicuboctahedra and elongated hexapods were obtained as a result of enhanced crystal growth along the [100] directions. Smaller nanocubes with average sizes of approximately 200 and 300 nm and octapods can also be prepared by adjusting the reagent molar ratios and their added volumes. Both the octahedra and hexapods with largely silver atom-terminated {111} surface facets responded repulsively and moved to the surface of the solution when dispersing in a solution of positively charged methylene blue, but can be suspended in a negatively charged methyl orange solution. The cubes and octapods, bounded by the {100} faces, were insensitive to the molecular charges in solution. The dramatic facet-dependent surface properties of Ag(2)O crystals have been demonstrated.     

羟基磷灰石粉末的水热合成及动力学研究

以CaHPO_4·2H_2O(DCPD)为前驱物,在0.1mol·L~(-1)NaOH溶液中,100～200℃,2～12h条件下水热合成羟基磷灰石(HA)粉末。结果表明:HA晶粒尺寸和结晶程度随反应温度的提高和时间的延长而增大。提高反应温度,有利于晶粒沿c轴方向生长;延长反应时间,有利于晶粒沿a轴方向生长。在120～160℃、2～10h条件下可以得到HA纳米棒。水热合成过程中有缺钙磷灰石(DAP,Ca_(10)～(HPO_4)_x(PO_4)_(6-x)(OH)_(2-x),0≤x≤1)形成,并经历β-TCP→DAP→HA这一转化过程。转化反应为二级反应,活化能为72.91kJ·mol~(-1),推测反应为表面控制反应。     

Microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis of zinc hydroxystannate films on glass substrates

Zinc stannate (ZnSnO₃, Zn₂SnO₄) and its precursor, i.e. zinc hydroxystannate (ZnSn(OH)₆), have emerged as technological nanomaterials for different applications. Herein, we report synthesis of polycrystalline zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) film on glass substrate through facile and efficient microwave assisted hydrothermal growth. The method comprises of three steps; deposition of ZnO seed films on glass substrates through spray pyrolysis, growth of ZnO nanorod arrays over the seeded substrates through microwave assisted hydrothermal method and transformation of the as-synthesized ZnO nanorod arrays into the ZHS films through microwave treatment in aqueous precursor solution of SnCl₄ and NaOH. The films were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The films contain two crystalline phases namely ZnO with [002] as preferred growth direction and ZnSn(OH)₆ preferably grown along [200] vector. The obtained ZHS films consist of crystals of exclusively cubic structure with sizes up to several microns. Microwave irradiation time, NaOH/SnCl₄ molar ratio, concentration of Sn⁴⁺ ions, and the applied power are the four parameters which influence the size, aerial density and growth rate of ZHS microblocks.     

Crystal formation and growth during the hydrothermal synthesis of beta-Ni(OH)2 in one-dimensional nano space

Hydrothermal synthesis of beta-Ni(OH)(2) was performed inside uniform carbon-coated nanochannels of an anodic aluminium oxide film. The time course of crystal formation and growth of Ni(OH)(2) in such one-dimensional nano space was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the changes in the number and size of crystals with the hydrothermal reaction period were quantitatively analyzed using the TEM images. Moreover, the effect of the channel size (25, 100 and 300 nm in diameter) on the crystal growth was examined. In the early stage of the reaction, the crystal formation and growth of beta-Ni(OH)(2) in the one-dimensional channels took place in the same manner as in conventional hydrothermal synthesis. However, except for the 300 nm-channels, further crystal growth was hampered by the spatial restriction, and it allowed only the growth toward the channel axis. In the case of the 25 nm-channels, many Ni(OH)(2) crystals of less than 40 nm formed initially, but slowly disappeared except for a few that grew larger at the expense of the small crystals. This finding clearly indicates that the crystal growth of Ni(OH)(2) during the whole hydrothermal process was governed by the Ostwald ripening. With this mechanism and the spatial restriction, single crystals of beta-Ni(OH)(2) nanorods with a length of over 150 nm were finally formed.     

Fabrication of CuO pricky microspheres with tunable size by a simple solution route

A simple aqueous solution route was introduced for the fabrication of CuO pricky microspheres (CPMs) using CuCl(2) x 2H(2)O, Na(2)(C(4)H(4)O(6)) x 3H(2)O and NaOH as starting materials. The CPMs were composed of compressed nanothorns exhibiting tapering feature with tip size of less than 10 nm, and the size of CPMs could be tuned from 100-200 nm to 4-6 microm. The effects of the molar ratios of tartrate anions and NaOH to Cu(2+) cations, reagent concentration, and reaction temperature on the products were investigated, showing that the morphology of CPMs was determined by the molar ratio of tartrate to Cu(2+) cations and the size was greatly affected by reagent concentration and the molar ratio of NaOH to Cu(2+) cations in the precursor solution. The fabrication of CPMs went through rapid nucleation of Cu(OH)(2), aggregation and in situ dehydration of Cu(OH)(2), oriented-aggregation-based growth, and normal crystal growth of CuO nanothorns. The nucleation and crystal growth were successfully separated by controlled releasing of Cu(2+) and OH(-) ions through the reversible reaction of Cu(2+) cations, OH(-), and C(4)H(4)O(6)(2-) anions.     

Shape evolution and size-controllable synthesis of Cu2O octahedra and their morphology-dependent photocatalytic properties

Octahedral Cu(2)O crystals with tunable edge length were synthesized by reducing copper hydroxide with hydrazine without using any surfactant. Systematic experiments were carried out to investigate the factors which impact on the morphology and size of the products. The molar ratios of the reagents (NH(3):Cu(2+) and OH(-):Cu(2+)) determined the morphology and size of the corresponding products via affecting the coordination between NH(3) and Cu(2+). It is demonstrated that the ratio of growth rate along 111 versus 100 was varied by adjusting the molar ratio of NH(3) to Cu(2+), thus Cu(2)O crystals with different morphologies such as spheres, cubelike, and octahedra were obtained. The edge lengths of octahedra can be easily tuned from 130 to 600 nm by adjusting the molar ratio of OH(-) to Cu(2+). It is an effective and facile method for the controlled synthesis of octahedral Cu(2)O. The obtained octahedral Cu(2)O particles show improved ability on adsorption and photodegradation of methyl orange compared with cubic Cu(2)O particles.