非对称取代脲的合成与应用

总结了合成非对称取代脲的几种方法，分析了各种方法的利弊，介绍了非对称 取代脲的主要应用，指出直接利用一氧化碳进行硒催化的胺与硝基化合物的氧化还 原羰基化反应来合成非对称取代脲的方法是比较有发展前景的方法，并对硒催化的 氧化还原羰基化反应作了较为详细的介绍。     

硒催化的邻硝基苯胺类化合物的羰基化反应

用硒作催化剂，三乙胺为助催化剂，CO为羰基化试剂，通过氧化还原羰基化的方法，将邻硝基苯胺类化合物在分子内羰基化成环，反应生成相应的一系列环脲类物质，此催化合成方法的反应选择性近秋100％，收率较高，操作简单，并提出了可能的反应机理。     

催化选择氧化还原羰基化合成脲

本文概述了胺硝基物选择氧化还原羰基化生成脲的新工艺路线。对催化剂体系、羰基化反应机理和反应的选择性作了比较全面的评述，着重介绍了金属钯和非金属硒催化的选择氧化还原羰基化反应合成对称脲、非对称脲和环脲，讨论了该方法的应用前景。     

硒催化4-氨基吡啶与硝基芳烃羰基化合成4-吡啶基脲

以非金属硒为催化剂,三乙胺为助催化剂,用CO替代剧毒光气作为羰基化试剂,通过鼓泡方式经硒催化"一锅煮"的4-氨基吡啶与硝基芳烃的氧化还原羰基化反应合成4-吡啶基脲.通过探究反应温度、反应时间、溶剂及碱的种类等因素的影响,获得了反应的优化条件.在优化条件的基础上,以中等到良好的收率制得4-吡啶基脲类化合物,反应底物硝基芳烃的普遍适用性较好;还提出了该反应的可能机理.     

2-硒代咪唑类化合物催化CO与胺的羰基化反应

首次研究了2-硒代咪唑类化合物催化的一氧化碳对胺的羰基化生成对称脲或噁唑啉-2-酮的反应,目标产物收率中等到良好.与传统的单质硒催化的羰基化反应相比,新催化体系有效避免了有恶臭气味的含硒化合物的产生.     

硒脲及其衍生物的合成和应用

硒脲及其衍生物具有抗真菌、抗肿瘤、抗癌等生物活性,可作为合成其它化合物的中间体和配体,还可用于增强显影剂的感光度。硒脲及取代硒脲的合成有取代脲法、氨腈法、异硒氰酸酯法等,缩氨基硒脲的合成有硒氰酸盐法和取代硫脲法,酰基硒脲的合成用常规法和相转移催化法。本文对硒脲及其衍生物的上述合成方法和应用作了介绍。     

氨基甲酸酯类化合物的合成进展

作为一类重要的精细化学品,氨基甲酸酯类化合物在农药、医药及有机合成等领域有着广泛的应用。本文介绍了氨基甲酸酯类化合物的主要合成方法,重点阐述了光气及其衍生物法、羰基化法、二氧化碳法、脲类化合物醇解法、霍夫曼重排法等一系列合成途径,并对各合成方法进行了分析评价。指出硒催化硝基化合物及胺等含氮化合物与醇在一氧化碳存在下经羰基化反应来合成氨基甲酸酯类化合物的方法具有较好的发展前景。     

非光气含氮化合物催化羰化研究进展

本文对近几年来非光气含氮化合物羰化合成氨基甲酸酯及二取代脲的方法进行了概述,主要包括使用钯、钌、铑、硒、金等催化体系以一氧化碳为羰化剂进行的催化氧化羰化和催化还原羰化反应过程,以及使用碱催化体系以二氧化碳和碳酸二甲酯等为羰化剂的反应过程和机理.     

硒催化羰基化合成氯苯胺灵

本文报道了一种绿色且简易的合成氯苯胺灵的方法。以廉价易得且能循环使用的非金属硒作催化剂,以一氧化碳替代剧毒光气作羰基化试剂,通过异丙醇和间氯硝基苯经"一锅法"硒催化氧化还原羰基化反应直接合成氯苯胺灵。催化剂硒的反应过程相转移催化作用使其可回收循环使用。并提出了可能的反应机理。     

硒催化反应最新研究进展

价廉易得的非金属硒作催化剂不但具有良好的催化活化CO的性能及反应过程相转移催化特性, 而且能循环使用. 用Se/CO催化体系替代贵金属催化羰基化法及剧毒的光气法进行羰基化反应及用Se/CO/H2O催化体系进行高选择性的还原反应, 具有反应条件温和、原子经济性高、成本低、环境友好、路线简短、后处理方便等优点, 因而引起人们的广泛关注. 概述了近几年来硒催化羰基化反应和硒催化选择性还原反应的最新研究进展, 并对硒催化反应的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Selective formation of unsymmetric ureas by selenium-catalyzed oxidative–reductive carbonylation with CO

A series of unsymmetric ureas containing substituted groups have been synthesized via selenium-catalyzed selective oxidative–reductive carbonylation of amines and nitro compounds with CO instead of phosgene in one-pot reaction. These catalytic reactions are important from both synthetic and industrial points of view, because not only the reactions can be proceeded with high selectivity of higher than 99% towards desired unsymmetric ureas, but also there exists a phase-transfer process of the selenium catalyst in the reaction, so that the after-treatment of the catalysts and products from the reaction systems can be easily separated by simple phase separation.     

A Convenient Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of Aryl Iodides with Dual Role of Formic Acid

Palladium‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl halides represents a straightforward pathway for the synthesis of aromatic aldehydes. The known reductive carbonylation procedures either require CO gas or complexed compounds as CO sources. In this communication, we developed a palladium‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides with formic acid as the formyl source. As a convenient, practical, and environmental friendly methodology, no additional silane or H₂ was required. A variety of aromatic aldehydes were isolated in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Notably, this is the first procedure on using formic acid as the formyl source.     

From Alkyl Halides to Ketones: Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation Utilizing Ethyl Chloroformate as the Carbonyl Source

Ketones are an important class of molecules in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Rapid and modular synthesis of ketones remains in high demand. Described here is a nickel‐catalyzed three‐component reductive carbonylation method for the synthesis of dialkyl ketones. A wide range of both symmetric and asymmetric dialkyl ketones can be accessed from alkyl halides and a safe CO source, ethyl chloroformate. The approach offers complementary substrate scope to existing carbonylation methods while avoiding the use of either toxic CO or metal carbonyl reagents.     

Catalytic Carbonylation and Carboxylation of Organosulfur Compounds via C−S Cleavage

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbonylation with CO gas occupies a privileged position in organic synthesis for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds. Although this attractive and useful chemistry has led many researchers to investigate carbonylative transformations of various organic (pseudo)halides, C?S‐cleaving carbonylation of organosulfur compounds has been fairly limited. Recently, a broad spectrum of C?S‐cleaving transformations has been emerging in the field of cross‐coupling. In light of the importance of carbonyl compounds as well as considerable advancement for employing organosulfur compounds as competent surrogates of (pseudo)halides, carbonylative transformations of C?S bonds should be of high value. This Minireview focuses on catalytic C?S carbonylation of organosulfur compounds with CO or its equivalents. In addition, reductive carboxylation of C?S bonds with CO₂ is described.     

Palladium/Rhodium Cooperative Catalysis for the Production of Aryl Aldehydes and Their Deuterated Analogues Using the Water–Gas Shift Reaction

A novel Pd/Rh dual‐metallic cooperative catalytic process has been developed to effect the reductive carbonylation of aryl halides in moderate to good yield. In this reaction, water is the hydride source, and CO serves both as the carbonyl source and the terminal reductant through the water–gas shift reaction. The catalytic generation of the Rh hydride allows for the selective formation of highly hindered aryl aldehydes that are inaccessible through previously reported reductive carbonylation protocols. Moreover, aldehydes with deuterated formyl groups can be efficiently and selectively synthesized using D₂O as a cost‐effective deuterium source without the need for presynthesizing the aldehyde.     

一氧化碳参与不饱和烃类化合物羰基化反应的研究进展

不饱和烃类化合物的羰基化反应是指在过渡金属催化剂存在条件下, 将一氧化碳(CO)分子以羰基的形式插入到烯烃(或者炔烃)与不同的亲核试剂中, 合成更高附加值化学品的转化过程. 本文综合评述了羰基化反应合成高附加值化学品的重要性, 介绍了几种不同类型的羰基化反应(氢甲酰化反应、 氢酯化反应、 氢酰胺化反应和氢羧基化反应)在发展新型催化剂体系及高效合成目标产物方面的研究进展, 并对羰基化反应存在的问题及未来发展方向和趋势进行了展望.     

Synthesis of Unsymmetric Ureas by Selenium-Catalyzed Oxidative-Reductive Carbonylation with CO

Unsymmetric, substituted ureas that contain the peptide bond (NHCONH), many of which possess biological activities, are widely used as herbicides, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. [1,2] A series of unsymmetric ureascontaining substituted groups have been synthesized via selenium-catalyzed selective oxidative-reductive carbonylation of amines and nitro compounds with CO instead of phosgene in one-pot reaction. [3,4] These catalytic reactions are important from both synthetic and industrial points of view, because not only the reactions can be proceeded with high selectivity of higher than 99% towards desired unsymmetric ureas, but also there exists a phase-transfer process of the selenium catalyst in thereaction, so that the after-treatment of the catalysts and products from the reaction systems can be easily separated by simple phase separation.     

Reductive carbonylation of aryl and heteroaryl iodides using Pd(acac)2/dppm as an efficient catalyst

Palladium catalyzed simple and efficient protocol for reductive carbonylation of aryl and heteroaryl compounds has been developed. The formylation of aryl and heteroaryl iodides takes place in the presence of Pd(acac)₂/dppm catalyst at 10 bar pressure of synthetic gas to give the desired aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes in good to excellent yields. Easy work-up, stability of the catalyst, low catalyst loading and less reaction time are the advantages of this method.     

Synthetic and theoretical studies on group-transfer imidoylation of organotellurium compounds. remarkable reactivity of isonitriles in comparison with carbon monoxide in radical-mediated reactions.

Imidoylation of organotellurium compounds with isonitriles has been investigated in conjunction with the radical-mediated C1 homologation reaction by using CO and isonitriles. Carbon-centered radicals generated photochemically or thermally from organotellurium compounds react with isonitriles in a group-transfer manner to give the corresponding imidoylated products. Organotellurium compounds have been found to serve as effective precursors of a wide variety of stabilized radicals, namely benzyl, alpha-alkoxy, alpha-amino, and acyl radicals, which take part in the imidoylation with high efficiency. The reactions are compatible with various functional groups, and can be carried out in various solvents including environmentally benign water. The reactivity of isonitriles has been compared with that of CO through competition experiments, and the results indicate that isonitriles are superior to CO as radical acceptors in reactions with stabilized radicals. The origin of the differences has been addressed in theoretical studies with density functional theory calculations using the B3LYP hybrid functional. The calculations suggest that both carbonylation and imidoylation proceed with low activation energies, and that there are virtually no differences in the kinetic sense. Instead, it indicates that thermodynamic effects, namely differences in the stability of the acyl and the imidoyl radicals, control the overall course of the reactions.