VPO催化氧化正丁烷反应动力学

VPO催化氧化正丁烷制顺酐是目前唯一实现工业化的低碳烷烃选择氧化反应。本文介绍了VPO催化机理和主要的反应网络,综述了国内外反应动力学的研究进展情况。根据人们对正丁烷氧化反应机理的不断认知及动力学模型的完整性,首次将正丁烷氧化制顺酐反应动力学的发展分为探索期、成型期和拓展期三个时期,并阐释了每个时期的特征和典型模型。探索期特征是仅考虑反应物在催化剂表面的吸附行为,成型期特征是充分考虑了产物对反应的抑制作用,拓展期特征是考虑了催化剂氧化度不断变化的动态过程并将不同氧气形式之间的相互变化引入动态模型中。从时空多尺度角度研究动力学和传递之间的相互作用是正丁烷选择氧化反应动力学下一步的研究重点,也是未来动力学研究的发展方向。     

添加Tm对VPO催化剂性能的影响

八十年代以来，以正丁烷为原料生产顺酐的磷钒系催化剂研究非常活跃．为改进催化剂的性能，可添加Zn、Co、Zr、Ti等过渡元素［1－3］，但有关催化剂的组成、结构及作用机理方面的报导较少．我们在VPO催化剂中分别加入十五种稀土元素并将其应用于正丁烷选择氧化制备顺酐的反应中［4］．实验结果表明，以添加Tm的催化剂活性及选择性均为最高．本文用IR、XRD、XPS、和NH3－TPD等方法研究了VPO和添加Tm后样品的晶相结构、表面组成和酸性，用固定床反应器考察了正丁烷转化率和生成顺酐选择性的变化并探讨了引起这些变化的机理．1实验（…     

钒磷氧合成条件对丁烷选择性氧化催化性能的影响

正丁烷氧化制备顺酐是低碳烷烃高值化利用的典型代表,钒磷氧(VPO)催化剂是该反应唯一的工业催化剂。通过调控有机相法合成过程中还原时间、回流时间和磷钒物质的量比3种实验参数,合成系列VPO催化剂,结合多种分析手段,探索合成条件对催化剂结构的影响规律,获得精细调控催化剂合成的方法和最优条件,催化正丁烷选择性氧化反应,转化率可达93.8%,顺酐收率达62.4%。进而精准构筑VPO催化剂,揭示VPO催化正丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐反应中的构效关系。     

稀土对磷钒催化剂性能的影响

用Ｘ射线粉末衍射，Ｘ光电子能谱和氨－程序升温脱附等方法研究了添加稀土元素后磷钒催化剂的晶相组成及表面性质。将催化剂应用于正丁烷选择氧化制备顺酐，用固定床反应器对催化剂活性进行了评价。     

掺杂Pr对VPO催化剂性质的影响

在ＶＰＯ催化剂中添加Ｐｒ，用ＸＲＤ，ＬＲＳ，ＸＰＳ，ＥＳＲ和＾３１Ｐ固体核磁共振考察了催化剂的相组成和钒的氧化态，用ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ和吡啶吸会原位红外光谱表征了催化剂表面的酸量。将催化剂应用于正丁烷选择氧化生成顺酐的反应中，实验结果表明，当Ｐｒ／Ｖ原子比＝０．０５时，活性相（ＶＯ）２Ｐ２Ｏ７的量增加，表面酸性增强，正丁烷转化率和生成顺酐的选择性都有所提高，而Ｐｒ／Ｖ≥０．１０时，（ＶＯ）２Ｐ２Ｏ７的     

不同粒径的Ni/SiO2催化剂上CH4和CO2吸附活化的漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

 采用原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱研究了CH4和CO2在不同粒径的Ni/SiO2催化剂上的吸附及活化. 结果表明,在不同粒径的催化剂上,检测到有CH4解离生成的CHx(x=1～3)物种,以及催化剂表面吸附的CHx物种与表面-OH 作用生成的CHx-O物种. CH4的裂解强烈依赖于催化剂表面Ni颗粒的大小,在粒径8 nm左右的Ni颗粒上, CH4较易解离; CO2难以直接在Ni/SiO2催化剂表面发生解离吸附,但CH4解离生成的吸附H对CO2的解离吸附具有明显的促进作用; CH4与CO2共吸附时,较小粒径的Ni可以促进CO2与表面氧物种发生反应,生成单齿表面碳酸盐物种.     

正丁烷在Au,Zn组合改性纳米HZSM-5上的催化转化

采用沉积沉淀和浸渍法制备了Au-Zn组合改性HZSM-5催化剂.并且对比研究了HZSM-5,Au/HZSM-5,Zn/HZSM-5和Au-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂的性质和催化性能.采用UV-Vis和XPS表征揭示出Au-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂中Au物种与Zn物种的相互作用.正丁烷探针反应结果表明,在Zn/HZSM-5催化剂中引入Au有效地提高了正丁烷的脱氢芳构化性能,同时抑制了正丁烷在Zn活性中心上的氢解副反应.在相同条件下,与Zn/HZSM-5催化剂相比,正丁烷转化率由49.1%增加到70.8%,烯烃和芳烃产物总选择性由57%增加到61.98%,干气的选择性由31%降低至28.4%.上述结果表明,Au-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂在轻烃芳构化反应中具有良好的催化性能.     

溶胶—凝胶法制备NiO／SiO2催化剂研究

分别以正硅酸乙酯、硝酸镍为硅源和镍源,采用溶胶－凝胶法,经超临界流体干燥和普通干燥制备了NiO-A-SiO2、NiO-G-SiO2催化剂;以气凝胶和干凝胶为载体,采用浸渍法制备了NiO/A-SiO2、NiO/G-SiO2催化剂。并用XRD、TEM、BET、TPR等手段,研究了制备方法对催化剂织构、结构和Ni物种存在形态的影响,发现NiO-A-SiO2和NiO-G-SiO2催化剂上高度分散的NiO簇团与SiO2之间有较强的相互作用,其顺酐液相选择加氢转化率低于10％;NiO/G-SiO2催化剂上,以单一物种形态存在的NiO与SiO2相互作用弱,顺酐转化率为42％;NiO/A-SiO2催化剂上,以多种形态存在的微量NiO与SiO2间的相互作用较复杂,其顺酐液相选择加氢的转化率和丁二酸酐的选择性分别可达100％和98％。     

丁烷氧化制顺酐固定床反应器人为非定态操作性能的研究

丁烷选择氧化制顺酐是迄今唯一已经工业化的低碳烷选择氧化反应,模拟研究和在实验室微型反应器上的研究结果证实,在适宜的操作条件下,通过固定床反应器人为非定态操作能够改善反应的时均性能,提高顺酐的选择性和收率。本文在小试规模（装填３０ｇ原粒度工业催化剂）的单管固定床反应器实验装置上,开展了丁烷选择氧化反应人为非定态操作性能的研究,在适宜的操作条件下,进料组成周期性变化虽然提高了顺酐的选择性,但降低了丁烷的转化率,同时改变反应温度和进料组成能够显著提高顺酐的时均收率。     

钒磷复合氧化物催化剂再氧化的在线动态质谱研究

 采用在线质谱动态响应技术，研究了钒磷复合氧化物（VPO）催化剂再氧化条件（氧浓度、温度和时间）对正丁烷选择氧化制顺酐反应的影响．结果表明，催化剂再氧化条件对正丁烷选择氧化反应性能有明显的影响，其中再氧化温度是主要影响因素．当正丁烷选择氧化和VPO催化剂再氧化在反应器（循环流化床和固定床）内序贯、交替进行时，可以通过改变再氧化条件使催化剂再氧化反应与正丁烷选择氧化反应恰当地匹配以改善时均反应性能．     

Mechanosynthesis and mechanochemical treatment of bismuthdoped vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride

Three Bi-doped vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts were prepared via dihydrate route （VPD method）, which consisted of different preparation methods including mechanosynthesis, mechanochemical treatment, and the conventional reflux method. The catalysts produced by the above three methods were characterized by x-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and temperature programmed reduction （TPR）. Catalytic evaluation for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride （MA） was also carried out. The XRD patterns of all the Bi-doped catalysts showed the main peaks of pyrophosphate phase. Lower intensity peaks were observed for the mechanochemically treated Bi-doped catalyst （VPDBiMill） with two additional small peaks corresponding to the presence of a small amount of V5＋ phase. The TPR profiles showed that the highest amount of active oxygen species, i.e, V4＋–O- pair, responsible for n-butane activation, was removed from VPDBiMill. Furthermore, from the catalytic test results, the graph of selectivity to MA as a function of the conversion of n-butane demonstrated that VPDBiMill was the most selective catalyst. This suggests that the mechanochemical treatment of vanadium phosphate catalyst （VPDBiMill） is a potential method to improve the catalytic properties for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride.     

二甲基亚砜对钒磷氧催化剂性能的影响

在制备钒磷氧催化剂前驱体的过程中,加入高沸点溶剂二甲基亚砜（DMSO）,改善了钒磷氧催化剂对正丁烷氧化制顺丁烯二酸酐的催化性能．催化性能评价实验表明,当DMSO／V（摩尔比）=0．1时,用催化剂（D0.1-VPO）制备顺酐的收率达到最大（49．4％）,与没有加入DMSO的催化剂（VPO）相比其选择性由57％提高到76％,转化率达到65％．采用BET,XRD,SEM,FT-IR等方法分析,发现添加DMSO能增大催化剂的比表面积,改变催化剂前驱体择优取向和催化剂的微观形貌,形成了一些具有纳米尺度的催化剂颗粒．     

镧对磷钒催化剂性能的影响

镧对磷钒催化剂性能的影响李铭岫，王心葵，杨述韬，张志新，刘翠格，周敬来（河北师范学院化学系，石家庄０５００９１；中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所，太原０３０００１）关键词镧，磷钒催化剂，正丁烷，选择，氧化，顺丁烯二酸酐磷钒系催化剂是正了烷氧化制顺丁烯二酸...     

Direct catalytic oxidation of n-butane to to tetrahydrofuran

The feasibility of partially oxidizing n-butane to tetrahydrofuran in the presence of promoted V-P-O catalyst was demonstrated. Tetrahydrofuran formation was identified by means of chromatography and mass spectrometry. From the relationship between its concentration and reaction temperature tetrahydrofuran could be proposed as a possible intermediate in the transformation of n-butane into maleic anhydride.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 159–162, March–April, 1992.     

高比表面积VPO催化剂的制备及其性质研究

利用有机相制备VPO催化剂，在制备过程中加入聚乙二醇（PEG）作为分散剂可有效提高VPO催化剂的比表面积，实验中采用两种不同分子量的聚乙二醇（PET6000和PEG10000），所得VPO催化剂的比表面积分别为52与54m^2/g，而不加聚乙二醇的VPO催化剂其比表面积仅为19m^2/g。XRD，XPS及FTIR的结果表明，催化剂的主要晶相均为（VO）2P2O7，但两类催化剂的微观结构有所不同。正丁烷选择氧化生成马来酐的催化反应结果表明，385℃时加聚乙二醇制备的VPO催化剂其丁烷的转化率为84％－86％，马来酸酐的选择性为78％，而不加聚乙二醇制备的VPO催化剂其转化和选择性均为71％。     

无机膜反应器用于正丁烷氧化制顺丁烯二酐的研究(英文)

通过浸渍法在中孔γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３膜上制备出Ｖ－Ｐ－Ｃｏ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ多组分金属氧化物催化膜,将之应用于非燃料电池型催化膜反应器并研究其可行性及正丁烷制顺丁烯二酐的反应特性。考察了反应温度、空速和吹好气流速对催化活性的影响,对膜反应器的稳定性也进行了简单的测试。实验证明,与固定床相比,膜反应器具有更高的反应转化率和选择性。     

Investigation of the mechanism of n-butane oxidation on vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts: evidence from isotopic labeling studies

The selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic acid catalyzed by vanadium phosphates (VPO) is one of the most complex partial oxidation reactions used in industry today. Numerous reaction mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, many of which have butenes, butadiene, and furan as reaction intermediates. We have developed an experimental protocol to study the mechanism of this reaction in which (13)C-isotopically labeled n-butane is flowed over a catalyst bed and the reaction products are analyzed using (13)C NMR spectroscopy. This protocol approximates the conditions found in an industrial reactor without requiring an exorbitant amount of isotopically labeled material. When [1,4-(13)C]n-butane reacted on VPO catalysts to produce maleic acid and butadiene, the isotopic labels were observed in both the 1,4 and 2,3 positions of butadiene and maleic acid. The ratio of label scrambling was typically 1:20 for the 2,3:1,4 positions in maleic acid. For butadiene, the ratio of label scrambling was consistently much higher, at 2:3 for the 2,3:1,4 positions. Because of the discrepancy in the amount of label scrambling between maleic acid and butadiene, butadiene is unlikely to be the primary reaction intermediate for the conversion of n-butane to maleic anhydride under typical industrial conditions. Ethylene was always observed as a side product for n-butane oxidation on VPO catalysts. Fully (13)C-labeled butane produced about 5-13 times as much isotopically labeled ethylene as did [1,4-(13)C]butane, indicating that ethylene was produced mainly from the two methylene carbons of n-butane. When the reaction was run under conditions which minimize total oxidation products such as CO and CO(2), the amounts of ethylene and carbon oxides produced from fully (13)C-labeled butane were almost equal. This strongly suggests that the total oxidation of n-butane on VPO catalysts involves the oxidation and abstraction of the two methyl groups of n-butane, and the two methylene groups of n-butane form ethylene. An organometallic mechanism is proposed to explain these results.     

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Vanadium Phosphorus Oxide Catalysts Doped with Cobalt and Iron

The transformation of VOHPO4·0.5H2O (VPO) precursor doped with cobalt or iron for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis under air and nitrogen, with and without n-butane in the flow. While almost no effect was observed in nitrogen or air, a strong influence of the doping was observed when n-butane was added to the nitrogen or air. This resulted in a delay of the decomposition of the precursor and a further reoxidation of the VPO catalyst, particularly for doping with cobalt at low percentage (1%). This shows that doping can change the oxidation state of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts, which can explain differences in their catalytic performances and the favourable effect of doping by cobalt. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Selective Oxidation of n-Butane over VPO Catalyst Modified by Different Additives

A series of vanadyl pyrophosphate catalyst （VPO） modified by different additives have been prepared with the aim to study the performance for selective conversion of n-butane to maleic anhydride（MA）. The addition of various promoters improved the catalytic performance remarkably on both activity and selectivity. The correlation of activity and selectivity of the catalysts with their structure has been discussed. The increase in BET surface areas and surface redox sites leads to an enhanced activity. However, good selectivity can only be obtained on those surfaces with suitable surface acid sites.