Ti/PbO2和Ti/Ru-Ti-Sn氧化物涂层电极上苯酚的电化学氧化和降解

用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)研究了Ti/PbO2和Ti/Ru-Ti-Sn三元氧化物涂层电极对苯酚的电化学氧化及其中间产物的影响, 通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法检测了苯二酚的生成. 结果表明, 苯酚的电化学氧化和降解是羟基化产物对苯二酚和邻苯二酚进一步氧化的结果.     

硫酸溶液中苯酚在Ti/PbO2电极上的循环伏安研究

用循环伏安法研究了Ti/PbO₂电极在苯酚硫酸溶液中的电催化作用. 结果表明, 在硫酸溶液中, Ti/PbO₂阳极对苯酚具有电催化氧化作用. 如果苯酚浓度较低, 产生的吸附态羟基自由基可以将苯酚氧化, 直至完全矿化. 当苯酚浓度较高或产生的羟基自由基量相对较小时, 苯酚或中间产物可吸附在电极表面, 降低电极的真实表面积, 减少电极的活性点, 阻止反应物接近电极表面, 抑制苯酚的进一步氧化. 随着电解时间的延长, 这些吸附物由于逐渐被氧化, 电极活性恢复.     

苯胺在SnO_2/Ti电极上的电化学氧化

研究了以SnO_2/Ti为阳极降解苯胺的电化学降解特性.实验结果表明,同Pt电极比较,掺F的SnO_2/Ti电极对苯胺的降解表现了明显的效果.苯胺在SnO_2/Ti电极上氧化降解速率主要决定于其中间产物的阳极溶解行为.由中间产物构成的有机膜的阳极溶解是反应的慢步骤.研究了苯胺溶液的浓度、pH和电流密度对苯胺降解速率的影响规律,对反应中间产物的复杂性及构成“膜”的理化性质进行了初步分析.     

苯胺在SnO2/Ti电极上的电化学氧化

研究了以SnO2/Ti为阳极降解苯胺的电化学降解特性.实验结果表明,同Pt电极比较,掺 F的SnO2/Ti电极对苯胺的降解表现了明显的效果.苯胺在SnO2/Ti电极上氧化降解速率主要决 定于其中间产物的阳极溶解行为.由中间产物构成的有机膜的阳极溶解是反应的慢步骤.研究 了苯胺溶液的浓度、pH和电流密度对苯胺降解速率的影响规律,对反应中间产物的复杂性及 构成“膜”的理化性质进行了初步分析.     

苯酚在含氯体系中的电化学氧化

以Ru-Ir/Ti三元电极作阳极电解处理苯酚废水,研究废水中Cl-初始浓度对处理效果的影响.结果表明,在一定的电解时间内,苯酚的电化学氧化符合一级动力学方程;废水中Cl-的初始浓度越大,苯酚完全被氧化所需的时间也越短,即其表观速率常数越大.苯酚在Cl-体系中降解的中间产物主要有4-氯苯酚,1-氯苯酚,2,4-二氯苯酚,2,6二氯苯酚,2,4,6-三氯苯酚及各种短链脂肪酸和氯代醇等;最终产物是CO2、CHCl2和CHCl3.电解中间体的生成和降解速率随废水中Cl-初始浓度的增加而增大.据此,导出苯酚在含Cl-体系中电化学氧化的反应途径.     

苯酚在Ti/PbO2电极上的电氧化反应

利用线性伏安法和恒电流电解法研究了苯酚在Ti／PbO2电极上的电催化氧化反应,通过电氧化过程中反应物和中间物的高效液相色谱测定,研究了苯酚在Ti／PbO2电极上电催化氧化的反应机理．实验发现,Ti／PbO2电极对水溶液中苯酚的电氧化具有显著的催化作用,25℃时,对初始浓度为2mmol／L的苯酚水溶液,恒定电流密度为50mA／cm2,电解3h,苯酚转化率为98．02％,有机碳去除率为54．36％．苯酚在Ti／PbO2电极上电催化氧化要经过对苯二酚或邻苯二酚、对苯醌、反丁烯二酸和草酸,最终变成二氧化碳和水的历程．第一步反应苯酚转化的主产物是对苯二酚．对苯二酚转化为苯醌和苯醌转化为反丁烯二酸的反应为慢反应,反丁烯二酸转化为草酸的反应为快反应．     

氯离子对苯酚电化学氧化降解过程的影响

本文用Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2和Ti/Ru-Ti-Sn氧化物涂层阳极研究了氯离子对苯酚电化学氧化降解过程的影响. 结果表明,在电解液中加入氯离子能提高苯酚的去除效率并完全降解. 在无氯离子存在下,有机物电化学降解主要以直接电氧化方式进行;在氯离子存在下,不仅可发生间接电化学氧化,而且也同时发生直接电氧化. 对于析氯阳极体系,如Ti/Ru-Ti-Sn阳极,主要发生有机物的间接电氧化;对于高氧超阳极体系,如Ti/PbO2阳极,有机物的间接电氧化和直接电氧化可能同时发生. 氯离子对于有机物的间接电氧化起到类似催化剂的作用,这种催化作用主要是由于氯离子在有机物氧化过程中阳极表面层和溶液本体电生成了Cl-/活性氯的氧化还原媒介.     

阴极脱氯协同多孔Ti/BDD电极阳极电催化氧化对氯苯酚

本文主要研究阴极脱氯协同阳极(多孔Ti/BDD 电极)电催化氧化对于对氯苯酚的电化学降解过程. 在有无阳离子交换膜电解槽体系下电化学降解对氯苯酚的实验结果表明,对氯苯酚的矿化主要在阳极区进行;无隔膜电解槽体系下,对氯苯酚在阴极还原形成的氯离子迁移到阳极,在阳极表面进一步生成了具有强催化氧化作用的活 性氯,与阳极产生的羟基自由基协同降解对氯苯酚;在阳离子交换膜电解槽体系下,阴极产生的氯离子难以通过阳离子膜迁移至阳极区,无隔膜电解槽呈现出更好的降解效率. 结合高效液相色谱技术确定阳极室的中间产物为对苯二酚、邻苯二酚、对苯醌和苯酚等,阴极室的主要产物是苯酚,并根据中间产物提出了对氯苯酚的降解路径.     

苯酚在热氧化法制备的SnO2/Ti电极上的电氧化研究

以热氧化法制备的ＳｎＯ２／Ｔｉ电极作为阳极用于含苯酚酸性溶液的恒电流电解,测定了苯酚浓度、溶液中化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）以及瞬时电流效率等随电解时间的变化。结果表明,用ＳｎＯ２／Ｔｉ电极代替铂作为阳极可使相同氧化电量下的ＣＯＤ明显下降,而平均电流效率提高了３倍,讨论了两种电极上苯酚氧化的反应机理。     

高铁酸盐在SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极上的选择性电化学合成

合成了SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极材料.实验结果证实,在14mol/LNaOH水溶液中和完全避免析氧反应的条件下,Fe(Ⅱ)物种在该电极上进行电化学氧化并生成FeO42-.结果表明,Fe(OH)3在浓NaOH溶液中发生酸式电离,形成可溶于水的FeO2-,该离子的浓度随着碱溶液浓度变化而发生明显变化,而且它还是发生化学氧化和电化学氧化的反应物.在SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极上,FeO42-的电化学还原起始电位为0.38V(vs.Hg/HgO,14mol/LNaOH),FeO2-电化学氧化起始电位为0.54V.结果还表明,用电化学方法氧化Fe(Ⅱ)物种生成FeO42-是个多步骤过程.     

Synthesis and Temperature-dependent Electrochemical Properties of Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes on Titanium

On the sand-blasting-treated titanium(Ti) substrate, the boron-doped diamond(BDD) electrodes with a wide potential window were prepared by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD). The electrochemical oxidation ratios of phenol at BDD/Ti electrodes at elevated temperatures(from 20 ℃ to 80 ℃) were examined by the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of phenol electrolyte during electrolysis. The results show that the COD removal was increased at high temperatures and the optimized temperature for enhancing the electrochemical oxidation ratio of phenol is 60 ℃. The mechanism for the temperature-dependent electrochemical oxidation ratios of phenol at the electrodes was investigated. The study would be favorable for further improving the performance of BDD/Ti electrodes, especially working at high temperatures.     

Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube/Gold Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Functionalized Screen‐Printed Electrode for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A

We fabricated a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution by using reduced graphene oxide (RGO), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)‐modified screen‐printed electrode (SPE). GO/CNT nanocomposite was directly reduced to RGO/CNT on SPE at room temperature. AuNPs were then electrochemically deposited in situ on RGO/CNT‐modified SPE. Under optimized conditions, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) produced linear current responses for BPA concentrations of 1.45 to 20 and 20 to 1,490 nM, with a calculated detection limit of an ultralow 800 pM. The sensor response was unaffected by the presence of interferents such as phenol, p‐nitrophenol, pyrocatechol, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, and hydroquinone.     

Comparison of electrocatalytic characterization of Ti/Sb-SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Ti/F-PbO<Subscript>2</Subscript> electrodes

Electrocatalytic oxidation is a promising process for degrading toxic and biorefractory organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. Selection of electrode materials is crucial for electrochemical oxidation process. In this study, Ti/F-PbO₂ and Ti/Sb-SnO₂ electrodes were chosen to compare their electrocatalytic characterization, which were prepared by electrodeposition and thermal decomposition method, respectively. The surface morphology and crystal structure of two electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The linear polarization curves show that Ti/Sb-SnO₂ electrodes possess higher oxygen evolution overpotential than Ti/F-PbO₂ electrodes. But the stability and corrosion resistance ability of Ti/F-PbO₂ electrode was higher than that of Ti/Sb-SnO₂ electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of Ti/F-PbO₂ and Ti/Sb-SnO₂ electrodes was examined for the electrochemical oxidation of malachite green (MG). The bulk electrolysis shows that the Ti/Sb-SnO₂ electrodes exhibit the higher electrocatalytic activity for the degradation of MG than Ti/F-PbO₂ electrodes, and the degradation process is good fitting for the pseudo-first order reaction. The higher electrocatalytic activity of Ti/Sb-SnO₂ electrodes can be attributed to the higher oxygen evolution overpotential.     

Hydroxylation of phenol with hydrogen peroxide in protic and aprotic solvents on TS-1 catalyst

Hydroxylation of phenol with a 25% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide in polar protic and aprotic solvents on TS-1 heterogeneous catalyst under various conditions was studied. The major reaction products (hydroquinone, pyrocatechol) and their ratio were determined. A kinetic model describing the hydroxylation in accordance with the Rideal-Eley mechanism was chosen.     

Solvent extraction and extraction–voltammetric determination of phenols using room temperature ionic liquid

The phenolic compounds phenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and 4-chlorophenol are extracted nearly quantitatively from aqueous solution into the room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMImPF₆) in molecular form at pH<pK_a. Picric acid is extracted efficiently in anionic form. Recovery of pyrocatechol and resorcinol is much lower. The effect of pH, phenol concentration, and volume ratio of aqueous and organic phases were studied. Ionic liquid BMImPF₆ is shown to be suitable for extraction–voltammetric determination of phenols without back-extraction or addition of support electrolyte. The electrochemical window of BMImPF₆ at various electrodes was determined, and voltammetric oxidation of phenols and reduction of nitrophenols in BMImPF₆ was studied.     

新型Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2电极上苯胺电化学氧化反应

苯胺是一种重要的化工原料,广泛应用于印染、制药、造纸、橡胶等领域.随着化工行业的迅速发展,苯胺的需求量越来越大.然而,苯胺毒性高,大量使用势必造成水体中苯胺浓度的升高,给人类健康及生态环境造成危害.因此,急需一种高效、洁净、经济的方法处理含苯胺废水.电化学氧化法比较新颖,相比传统废水处理方法,它具有高效、简单、清洁等优点,因此被应用于很多废水处理当中,但过多的能耗限制了其进一步广泛应用.阳极作为电化学氧化技术的核心部件,直接影响到电化学氧化反应性能.因此开发出一种高效、经济的阳极材料很有必要.此外,对苯胺降解条件的优化也同样重要.关于苯胺电化学氧化,已有的研究包括Pt电极、PbO2电极和石墨电极等阳极材料.比较而言, Ti/Sb-SnO2电极具有制备工艺简单,析氧过电位较高,材料廉价和电催化性能较强等优点.然而,它的稳定性仍有待提高.因此本文制备了一种高稳定性的Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2电极,并用于处理苯胺废水.较为系统地研究了电流密度、苯胺初始浓度、pH、NaCl投加量及反应器类型对苯胺电催化氧化性能的影响,同时采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学测试对该电极进行了表征,并应用紫外-可见光谱、化学需氧量、电流效率及能耗对不同参数进行评定和优化. SEM及XRD结果表明, Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2电极涂层覆盖比较完全、紧实,未出现裂缝的发生,因而有利于提高电极稳定性.循环伏安测试结果表明,此电极具备较高的析氧过电位(2.0 V vs Ag/AgCl)及电化学孔隙度(76.31%),因此有利于电极催化性能的提高.苯胺电化学氧化实验结果发现,该反应符合准一级动力学模型,且高电流密度、酸性环境、适当NaCl投加量(0.2 wt%)更有利于苯胺的降解.另外, Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2电极在三维反应器中对苯胺的处理效果要远远好于在二维反应器中.可以看出, Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2电极具有较好的处理苯胺性能,可为苯胺废水处理的应用提供了一定的理论指导.     

聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩/石墨烯/钛电极的制备及其电化学性能

采用直流电弧等离子体喷射化学气相沉积法把石墨烯生长在钛(Ti)基底上,并采用电化学氧化聚合法在石墨烯表面沉积聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT),由此构造PEDOT/石墨烯/Ti电极。形貌及结构表征结果表明,电聚合200圈以上的PEDOT呈线状或泡沫状且均匀分布于石墨烯表面。电化学性能测试结果表明,PEDOT/石墨烯/Ti电极具有高的比电容和库伦效率;其电聚合次数为400圈时,与PEDOT/Ti电极相比,比电容提高42倍,其最大电势窗口可达1.4 V,而在0～1.2 V电势窗口范围内,扫描速度为10 mV·s-1时,比电容可达到269.6 mF·cm-2。     

刷涂热分解法制备Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5阳极及其性能

通过刷涂热分解法制备了锑掺杂的钛基二氧化锡(Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5)涂层电极. 在酸性介质中, 用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、循环伏安和快速寿命测试等方法研究了Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极制备条件、电极结构、性能和寿命. 结果表明, Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极涂层具有“干泥”结构, 用锡锑摩尔比为9:1的涂液组成、在550 ℃烧结温度下制备的Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5的电极涂层平整致密,龟裂小, 电极孔隙率小, 稳定性最好.