ZnO纳米片自组装空心微球的无模板水热法制备与发光性质

报道了一种简单的制备ZnO纳米片自组装成空心微球的无模板水热法. 即通过醋酸锌与水和乙二醇混合溶剂(V_水/V_乙二醇 = 1/20)在100℃水热反应12 h合成了ZnO空心微球. 利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X 射线衍射仪和红外光谱对产物进行了表征和分析. 结果表明, 所制备ZnO空心微球的直径为2~5 μm, 它是由直径为10~20 nm纤锌矿结构的ZnO纳米片自组装而成. 研究了水与乙二醇的体积比及反应时间对产物形貌的影响, 结果表明乙二醇在ZnO纳米片的形成与自组装过程中起着关键作用, 并提出了可能的生长机理. 在波长为300 nm光的激发下, 发现ZnO空心微球具有发光峰位于397 nm强的紫外光发光和486 nm弱的蓝绿光发光, 这两种发光分别起源于ZnO宽带隙的激子发射和氧空位与间隙氧之间的跃迁.     

Au@ZrO2空心纳米微球的制备及其催化性质

以Stober法合成了不同粒径的SiO₂微球。以这些SiO₂微球为硬模板,通过ZrOCl₂前驱体吸附和水解制备得到了ZrO₂@SiO₂复合物,然后用HF溶解去除二氧化硅模板剂,制备得到ZrO₂空心球。以ZrO₂空心球为载体,采用沉积-沉淀法（DP）合成了Au@ZrO₂纳米空心微球。考察了Au@ZrO₂纳米空心微球在对硝基苯胺还原反应中的催化性能。研究结果表明,所合成的SiO₂微球粒径大小均一、形状规则、分散性好;ZrO₂空心微球大小及比表面积可以通过硬模板SiO₂微球粒径进行有效控制;与Au@ZrO₂实心微球相比,Au@ZrO₂空心微球在对硝基苯胺还原反应中表现出良好的催化性能,当反应温度为45℃、反应7 min时,对硝基苯胺能够完全转化为对苯二胺。     

Ti基表面NiO修饰纳米TiO2电极材料的制备及电催化活性

在无水乙醇和乙酰丙酮混合溶液中，电解Ti、Ni金属制得电极材料前驱体NiTi_m(OR)_3m+1(acac)_m+1。将其直接水解、干燥后在550 ℃煅烧2 h，制得纳米NiO/TiO₂粉体。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子透射显微镜(TEM)测试表明，前驱体中含有乙酰丙酮基[acac^-]，颗粒平均尺寸为20 nm。通过电合成与沉积得到高活性的纳米NiO/TiO₂修饰电极，采用循环伏安和循环方波伏安研究NiO/TiO₂电极在H₂SO₄溶液中的氧化还原行为以及还原草酸的电催化活性。结果表明，NiO/TiO₂电极在1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄溶液中有两对氧化还原峰E_pc1=-0.61 V，E_pc2=-1.05 V(vs SCE)，掺杂Ni电极的放电电流明显增大，达75 mA·cm^-2。间接电还原草酸为乙醛酸，收率和电流效率分别达93%和96%。     

NiO/MnO2分级纳米片阵列复合材料的制备与超电容性能

通过化学浴沉积和水热法在泡沫镍上制备了NiO/MnO₂分级纳米片阵列复合材料,XRD和SEM测试表明NiO纳米片垂直生长在泡沫镍上,交叉形成网状阵列结构;MnO₂纳米介孔泡沫进一步生长在NiO纳米片两侧,与NiO形成了壳核式的复合结构。循环伏安和恒流充放电测试发现,NiO/MnO₂分级纳米片阵列复合材料的电化学性能相比复合前得到明显改善,在1 A·g^-1的电流密度下,比电容提高至1 297 F·g^-1;2 A·g^-1下循环1 000次,比电容保持率高达97%,比电容和循环性能的改善是由于分级纳米片阵列复合结构方便了电解液传质,扩大了活性材料与电解液的接触,促进了赝电容反应,提高了NiO和MnO₂的结构稳定性。     

Fe3O4纳米微球的溶剂热法合成及其对二甲酚橙的催化降解研究

以FeCl₃·6H₂O为单一铁源、1, 2-丙二醇为还原剂和溶剂、尿素为均相沉淀剂、顺丁烯二酸为添加剂, 通过简单一步溶剂热法于160℃制备出了形貌均一、单分散性好、尺寸约为200 nm的Fe₃O₄纳米微球。所制备的Fe₃O₄纳米微球不仅具有很高的磁化强度, 而且在利用过氧化氢氧化降解二甲酚橙(XO)的过程中显示出很好的催化活性。紫外可见分光光度法考察表明, 不加入Fe₃O₄催化剂时, 1 h内双氧水对二甲酚橙的脱色率仅为6.2%, 而加入Fe₃O₄纳米微球后, 双氧水对二甲酚橙的脱色率在1 h内即可达到100%, 循环使用10次后, Fe₃O₄纳米微球仍保持高的催化活性和结构稳定性。     

Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)纳米微球的制备及表征

为研究PVP含量对CZTS颗粒形貌以及分散性的影响,本文采用溶剂热法,以CuCl₂·2H₂O、Zn(Ac)₂·2H₂O、SnCl₄·5H₂O作金属源,硫脲作硫源,乙二醇为溶剂,在体系中加入不同含量的PVP,成功制备了CZTS微球。通过XRD、Raman、SEM、TEM、UV-Vis等方法检测分析CZTS纳米微球的物相、结构、形貌以及光学性能。结果表明:所得CZTS纳米颗粒具有锌黄锡矿结构;当体系中PVP含量为0.2g时,颗粒分散性较好,制备的颗粒形貌为表面嵌有纳米薄片的微球,纳米片较在体系中加入0.1gPVP更致密;光学带隙约为1.47eV,与太阳能电池所需的最佳带隙接近。最后,对表面嵌有纳米薄片的CZTS微球可能的形成机理进行了推测。     

分级结构MoO2微球的水热合成及光催化降解罗丹明B的性能

采用一锅水热还原路径制备得到均匀单分散、具有分级结构的MoO₂微球。用XRD、FESEM、TEM及紫外-可见吸收光谱对产品进行了表征。结果表明MoO₂微球的尺寸大小为1.5~3.5μm,由微小的纳米片或纳米粒子组装而成。对比实验表明,一些反应参数如还原剂柠檬酸C₆H₈O₇和矿化剂Na₂CO₃的用量极大地影响了MoO₂微球的生长。基于MoO₂微球生长时间演变的对比实验,提出了取向聚集-奥斯瓦尔德熟化生长机制。光催化评价结果表明,钨灯辐照时,在H₂O₂辅助下,MoO₂微球对降解罗丹明B具有较高的催化活性。     

酵母菌模板法制备CeO2空心微球及其光催化性能

以酵母菌为生物模板辅助沉淀法制备了CeO₂空心微球。采用傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和氮气吸附-脱附等对样品进行了表征,结果表明,在600 ℃煅烧后得到了CeO₂空心微球,其形态与酵母菌一致为椭球体,球壳是由大小约为25 nm的CeO₂纳米颗粒组成,比表面积为22 m²·g^-1,远大于未用模板制备的CeO₂微粒的比表面积。通过紫外-可见漫反射测定,得到CeO₂空心微球的禁带宽度为3.03 eV,相比于相同条件下合成的无模板CeO₂禁带宽度(3.42 eV)明显减小。室温下用模拟太阳光照射降解酸性橙7(AO 7)对样品的光催化性能进行了测试,结果表明,在照射120 min之后降解率能达到96%以上,降解效果明显高于未使用模板的CeO₂微粒。对CeO₂空心微球的形成机理进行了分析。     

纳米结构TiO2/PS及TiO2空心球的自组装与表征

以TiCl₄的盐酸溶液配制的TiO₂溶胶为前驱体, 以聚苯乙烯微球为载体, 在表面活性剂存在下, 通过逐层自组装技术制备了纳米结构TiO₂/PS及TiO₂空心球. 利用XRD, SEM, TG-DTA等对复合颗粒进行了表征. 研究表明: 纳米结构TiO₂/PS的组成、结构、形貌和粒度可通过溶胶酸度、组装时水解反应温度、煅烧温度、硫酸根的加入量来控制.     

纳米结构TiO2/PS及TiO2空心球的自组装与表征

以TiCl₄的盐酸溶液配制的TiO₂溶胶为前驱体, 以聚苯乙烯微球为载体, 在表面活性剂存在下, 通过逐层自组装技术制备了纳米结构TiO₂/PS及TiO₂空心球. 利用XRD, SEM, TG-DTA等对复合颗粒进行了表征. 研究表明: 纳米结构TiO₂/PS的组成、结构、形貌和粒度可通过溶胶酸度、组装时水解反应温度、煅烧温度、硫酸根的加入量来控制.     

微观尺度高分子协同组装ZnO纳米片

以醇水混合体系作为反应介质,六水合硝酸锌和尿素为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为模板剂,经水热过程合成了由纳米片组装的花状微球碱式碳酸锌前驱体,经热处理得到相应的氧化锌(ZnO)产物。采用X射线衍射(XRD)和环境扫描电镜(SEM)对样品进行了表征,结果表明产物为六方纤维矿结构的ZnO,单分散花状微球直径约为2 μm,尺寸均一,组装成微球的纳米片构筑单元厚度为20 nm。红外分析表明PVP与Zn²⁺之间的化学配位作用发生在侧环的内酰基C=O键上的O位与Zn²⁺之间,研究表明PVP用量影响组装过程,在相同实验条件下,用聚乙二醇(PEG)代替PVP的模板作用,得到了粒径较大的纳米片组装的微球(φ～15 μm),在此基础上探讨了高分子结构对晶体生长和组装机制的影响。     

Hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical performance of NiO microspheres with different nanoscale building blocks

NiO microspheres were successfully obtained by calcining the Ni(OH)₂ precursor, which were synthesized via the hydrothermal reaction of nickel chloride, glucose and ammonia. The products were characterized by TGA, XRD and SEM. The influences of glucose and reaction temperature on the morphologies of NiO samples were investigated. Moreover, the possible growth mechanism for the spherical morphology was proposed. The charge/discharge test showed that the as-prepared NiO microspheres composed of nanoparticles can serve as an ideal electrode material for supercapacitor due to the spherical hollow structure.     

L-脯氨酸协助合成β-氢氧化镍和氧化镍花球及纳米三角片(英文)

以NH3·H2O和NaOH作为沉淀剂,通过水热方法在180℃,L-脯氨酸作用下,分别合成出了β-Ni(OH)2花球和纳米三角片。XRD结果表明合成出的β-Ni(OH)2产物是六方相,透射电镜(TEM)和场发射电镜(FESEM)表明花球直径为1~2μm,它是由厚15nm,边长110nm的三角片自组装形成的。对相应的β-Ni(OH)2前驱物在350℃空气下退火2h,分别得到NiO花球和纳米三角片。     

Fabrication of beta-Ni(OH)2 and NiO hollow spheres by a facile template-free process

Ni(OH)2 hollow microspheres with beta-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets as the in situ formed building units were fabricated via a novel template-free approach in a strong alkaline solution of glycine, and can be converted into NiO hollow microspheres by a thermal decomposition process.     

Hybrid porous Ni(OH)2-MnO2 nanosheets/plasma-grafted MWCNTs for boosted supercapacitor performance

The utilization of nickel hydroxide and manganese dioxide solely as high-performance supercapacitive materials is hindered by their low capacitance retention and electrical conductivity. As Ni(OH)₂ and MnO₂ give a synergistic effect, porous Ni(OH)₂-MnO₂ nanosheets with a thickness of 9 nm are successfully grown on carbon fiber (CF) via a single-step hydrothermal co-deposition method. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) are grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) through plasma-grafted process, followed by thiol-ene reaction to synthesize CNT-MA−S (CMS) to increase their aqueous dispersion behavior. The electrochemical properties of Ni(OH)₂-MnO₂ are further enhanced by dip-coating CMS on nanosheets. The composition and morphology of CMS and Ni(OH)₂-MnO₂ nanosheets are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of fabricated electrodes are analyzed using cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry methods. CF−Ni(OH)₂-MnO₂/CMS electrode is successfully synthesized without using any binder, exhibited ultrahigh specific capacitance (2049 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹), and excellent capacitance retention (>80 %) at 2 A g⁻¹ charge/discharge rate after 5000 cycles.     

3D-NiO/Bi7.47Ni0.53O11.73光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

采用混合溶剂热法在尿素的辅助下成功地制备了新型可见光复合催化剂NiO/Bi7.47Ni0.53O11.73(BiNiO).利用X射线多晶粉末衍射(XRD)仪、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射谱(UV-Vis DRS)对样品进行了表征,并以甲基橙为目标降解物对其光催化性能进行研究.结果表明:样品是由自组装三维(3D)-Bi7.47Ni0.53O11.73微球和其表面薄层NiO纳米片组成,前驱物在300°C条件下煅烧2 h后所得样品BiNiO-300光催化效果最好,在可见光(波长大于420 nm)照射下,3 h内对甲基橙溶液的脱色率高达98%.     

聚合物模板辅助镍微球的水热制备

以三嵌段共聚物HO(CH₂CH₂O)₂₀(CH₂CH(CH₃)O)₇₀(CH₂CH₂O)₂₀H (P123)为模板剂, 次亚磷酸钠为还原剂, 水热制备了微米级镍微球. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对产物进行表征. 结果表明, 镍微球由纳米级的镍微晶组成, 其中至少部分微球存在空心结构. 微球的尺寸随着前驱体溶液pH值的增加而减小, 其聚集成链的程度随着水热温度的上升而增强. 120和220 ℃水热合成微球的直径范围、平均微晶尺寸和矫顽力分别是1.5～4.5和0.8～4.5 μm, 16.0和14.2 nm, 以及91.5和66.1 Oe.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanostructures in mixed solvents of water and alcohol

Nickel hydroxide nanosheets and flowers have been hydrothermally synthesized using Ni(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O in mixed solvents of ethylene glycol (EG) or ethanol and deionized water at 200 °C for different time. The phase and morphology of the obtained products can be controlled by adjusting the experimental parameters, including the hydrothermal time and the volume ratio of water to EG or ethanol. The possible reaction mechanism and growth of the nanosheets and nanoflowers are discussed based on the experimental results. Porous nickel oxide nanosheets are obtained by heating nickel hydroxide nanosheets in air at 400 °C. The products were characterized by using various methods including X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electrochemical property of β-Ni(OH)₂ nanosheets was investigated through the cyclic voltammogram (CV) measurement.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic property of porous CuO hollow microspheres via PS latex as templates

Porous copper oxide (CuO) hollow microspheres have been fabricated through a simple hydrothermal method using PS latex as templates. The as-obtained samples were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The influences of the mole ratio of Ethylenediamine (C₂H₈N₂) and copper acetate (Cu(Ac)₂·H₂O), hydrothermal temperature and time on the size and morphologies of the final products have been investigated. The possible formation mechanism of porous CuO hollow microspheres has been proposed and the specific surface area of the hollow microspheres with 81.71 m²/g is measured by BET method. The band gap value calculated from a UV–vis absorption spectrum of porous CuO hollow microspheres is 2.71 eV. The as-synthesized product exhibits high photocatalytic activity during the photodegradation of an organic dyestuff, rhodamine B (RhB), under UV-light illumination.     

Cobalt oxide hollow microspheres with micro- and nano-scale composite structure: Fabrication and electrochemical performance

Co₃O₄ hollow microspheres with micro- and nano-scale composite structure self-assembled by nanosheets were successfully fabricated by the template-free wet-chemical approach. This method is simple, facile and effective. The Co₃O₄ hollow microspheres with good purity and homogeneous size were well characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform IR (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP). The formation mechanism was deeply studied. The micro- and nano-scale composite structure constructed by the porous nanosheets promotes to improve the electrochemical properties of Co₃O₄ hollow microspheres. The high discharge capacity of 1048 mAh g⁻¹ indicates it to be the potential application in electrode materials of Li-ion battery.