偶氮苯-PVP复合薄膜光波导传感器检测苯乙烯

将掺杂偶氮苯（Azo）的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）作为敏感试剂,利用旋转甩涂法将其固定在钾离子（K⁺）交换玻璃光波导表面,研制了Azo-PVP复合薄膜/K⁺交换玻璃光波导气敏元件,并对其气敏特性进行研究。实验结果表明,该敏感元件对苯乙烯蒸汽有较好的选择性响应,其最低检测浓度为1.0×10^-8体积比（V/V₀）,响应-恢复时间分别为9 s和24 s。在浓度1.0×10^-81.0×10^-3（V/V₀）范围内,气体浓度与输出光强度之间有较好的线性关系。     

高灵敏复合光波导在检测臭氧的应用研究

介绍利用高灵敏复合光波导元件检测臭氧的一种新方法以及实验装置和臭氧的响应特征。通过在K^＋交换玻璃光波导表面形成高折射率TiO2（两端带斜坡带状）膜并在其表面上固定色素铜化酞箐（Coppertetra-（t-buthyl）phthalocyanine,TBPcCu）而制成高灵敏度的复合光波导元件。臭氧存在时TBPcCu薄膜被氧化而退色,由此减弱TBPcCu膜对633nm的导波光的吸收。本元件具有响应速度快,灵敏度高和检测极限在0．02mg/m^3等特点。     

MB-硬脂酸复合薄膜光波导传感器检测氯化氢气体

利用旋转甩涂法将亚甲基蓝(MB)掺杂的硬脂酸溶液涂成薄膜固定在钾离子(K⁺)交换玻璃光波导表面上, 研制了MB-硬脂酸复合薄膜/K⁺交换玻璃光波导传感器, 并对酸性气体进行了检测. 该复合薄膜与氯化氢(HCl)气体作用时, 薄膜颜色从深蓝色变为浅蓝色, 导致薄膜对倏逝波的吸收降低, 使传感器的输出光强度增强. 结果表明, 在室温下该传感器对低浓度的氯化氢气体仍具有较好的重复性和选择性响应, 可检测到体积分数为1×10^-6%的HCl气体, 响应和恢复时间分别为7和20 s, 相对标准偏差为±6.06%. 该传感器具有灵敏度高、 响应-恢复速度快、 可逆性好、 成本低和容易制备等特点.     

基于硫堇掺杂的聚乙烯醇薄膜的光波导传感器检测硫化氢气体

采用旋转甩涂法将硫堇掺杂的聚乙烯醇薄膜固定在K⁺交换玻璃光波导表面,研制出一种高灵敏硫化氢气体传感器。 传感膜与硫化氢(H₂S)气体作用时,薄膜颜色从紫色变为无色,从而降低薄膜对倏逝波的吸收,使传感器的输出光强度（信号）增强。 采用流动注射法对H₂S气体进行检测。 实验结果表明,H₂S传感器对浓度在0.14~56 mg/m3范围的H₂S气体具有良好的线性响应（r=0.99667）,检出限为0.11 mg/m³(S/N=3),相对标准偏差为4.0%,响应时间（t90）＜2 s。 该传感器具有灵敏度高、响应快、可逆性和重复性好等特点。     

四苯基卟啉钴-溴百里酚蓝复合薄膜/K~+交换玻璃光波导传感元件的制备及胺类气体的检测

以四苯基卟啉钴(CoTPP)/溴百里酚蓝(BTB)作为敏感材料,利用旋转甩涂法将其做成薄膜固定在钾离子(K~+)交换玻璃光波导表面,研制了高灵敏的CoTPP—BTB复合薄膜/K+交换玻璃光波导传感元件,并对挥发性有机气体进行检测。实验结果表明,室温下该传感器对甲胺气体具有较好的选择性响应,能够检测体积分数低至1×10~(-7)(V/V)的甲胺气体,响应时间和恢复时间分别为2 s和35 s,信噪比(S/N)为6.8,RSD0.20%(V/V=1×10~(-6))。平行实验中,在1×10~(-7)~1×10~(-3)(V/V)范围内,体积分数与输出光强度间线性关系良好(R2=0.99)。     

四苯基卟啉锌薄膜/K+交换玻璃光波导传感器检测挥发性有机化合物气体

利用Alder法合成了四苯基卟啉锌配合物并对它进行表征;用匀胶机将一定浓度的四苯基卟啉锌溶液做成薄膜固定在钾离子(K⁺)交换玻璃光波导表面研制了高灵敏的四苯基卟啉锌薄膜/K⁺交换玻璃光波导传感器,并对挥发性有机气体进行检测。 实验结果表明,在室温下该传感器对低浓度的苯乙烯、二甲苯、甲苯等蒸气具有一定的响应,其中对苯乙烯的响应最大;能够检测到1×10^-9(V(苯乙烯)/V(空气))的苯乙烯蒸气,其响应和恢复时间分别为2和7 s。 该传感器具有灵敏度高,回复-响应时间快,可逆性等特点。     

ZnFe2O4薄膜/锡掺杂玻璃复合光波导敏感元件的研究

采用浸渍-提拉法,将铁酸锌溶胶固定在锡掺杂玻璃光波导元件表面,通过不同的热处理温度(400℃,500℃,600℃)得到ZnFe2O4薄膜/锡掺杂玻璃复合光波导敏感元件,且对低浓度的苯乙烯蒸汽进行检测。在500℃热处理的传感元件对苯乙烯(相同浓度的挥发性气体中)的响应较大,并在体积比2.0×10-10~2.0×10-6范围内有较好的响应。响应时间和恢复时间分别为17s和60s。     

钾掺杂g-C3N4薄膜光阳极的制备及光电催化氧化降解水中双氯芬酸钠性能

兼具高光学质量和电化学性能的薄膜光电极难以制备, 限制了光电催化氧化技术在水处理中的的应用. 本文采用原位煅烧法制备了负载在氧化铟锡(ITO)玻璃上的石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)薄膜电极, 并通过掺杂K⁺提高其光电催化氧化性能; 对电极进行了表征, 研究了其光电催化氧化降解水中双氯芬酸钠(DCF)的效率及降解路径. 结果表明, 原位煅烧法能制备出高质量的K⁺/g-C₃N₄薄膜光电极, K⁺的掺杂并未明显改变电极上g-C₃N₄的晶型、 价态和多孔形貌, 但可以提高ITO玻璃上g-C₃N₄的负载量, 增强电极对可见光的响应; K⁺的最佳掺杂浓度为0.002 mol/L, K⁺/g-C₃N₄薄膜电极光电催化氧化降解DCF的速率常数是纯g-C₃N₄薄膜电极的1.86倍; 当初始pH值为4, 电压为1 V, 光源强度为0.96 W/cm², 反应2 h后水中DCF降解率达到70%. K⁺/g-C₃N₄薄膜电极光电催化氧化过程中, 光催化氧化和电化学氧化之间存在协同作用, 两者相互增强, 并提高了反应过程中光生 空穴(h⁺)和羟基自由基(·OH)浓度, 在这两种活性物质作用下, 水中DCF分别被h⁺氧化生成咔唑衍生物、 与·OH发生加成反应生成多羟基芳香化合物, 最后开环生成小分子物质.     

氧化镍-铁酸锌复合薄膜/锡掺杂玻璃光波导传感元件的制备及其对硫化氢气体的气敏性

用溶胶-凝胶法制成了NiO掺杂的ZnFe2O4溶胶,并用浸渍提拉法将其固定在锡掺杂玻璃光波导表面,研制了NiO-ZnFe2O4复合薄膜/锡掺杂玻璃光波导气敏元件,并对无机有毒气体进行了检测。 实验结果表明,在室温下,该传感元件对H2S气体具有一定的选择性响应,而对相同浓度的其它无机气体的响应相对较小,能够检测到1.0×10-9（体积比）的H2S气体,其响应和恢复时间分别是6和8 s。 该元件具有灵敏度高、响应-恢复快、可逆性和重复性好、容易制备,在室温下便于操作等特点。     

钇掺杂对磷酸亚铁锂薄膜光波导传感元件气敏特性的影响

利用水热法合成出LiFePO4和钇(Y)掺杂的LiFePO4粉体,并作为敏感试剂,用浸渍-提拉法固定在锡掺杂玻璃光波导表面,分别研制了LiFePO4和LiFe0.99 Y0.01 PO4薄膜/锡掺杂玻璃光波导传感元件.用这些薄膜传感元件对挥发性有机气体进行检测,并比较了它们的气敏特性.结果表明,掺杂Y后LiFePO4薄...     

Spun films of perylene diimide derivative for the detection of organic vapors with host–guest principle

The optical characterization and chemical vapor sensing properties of 1,7-dibromo-N,N′-(bicyclohexyl)-3,4:9,10-perylene diimide thin film against to organic vapors were discussed in this study by using spin coating, UV–Vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) techniques. The perylene diimide thin films were fabricated with a refractive index values from 1.55 to 1.60 and thicknesses in the range between 15.80 and 26.32 nm using different spin speeds from 1000 to 5000 rpm. In this study, perylene diimide thin film sensor was exposed to dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate vapors by using both SPR and QCM techniques. Also, the swelling behaviors of the perylene diimide thin films prepared at different spin speeds were investigated with respect to dichloromethane vapor at the room temperature by using SPR data. Diffusion coefficients were found to be 11.34?×?10^?17 (1000 rpm), 2.56?×?10^?17 (3000 rpm) and 0.38?×?10^?17 cm² s^?1 (5000 rpm) for dichloromethane vapor by using the Fick’s law of diffusion. It might be proposed that perylene diimide thin film optical chemical sensor element has a good sensitivity and selectivity for the dichloromethane vapor at room temperature.     

Characterization of the Optical and Gas Sensitivities of a Nickel-Doped Lithium Iron Phosphate Thin Film

The influence of heat-treatment temperature on the optical properties (refractive index, transmittance, and attenuation) and gas sensitivities of nickel-doped lithium iron phosphate (LiFe_0.99Ni_0.01PO₄) thin films were discussed. LiFe_0.99Ni_0.01PO₄ was synthesized in one step using hydrothermal methods and fixed to tin-diffused glass as a sensing film by spin-coating before calcination at different temperatures. The obtained thin films were characterized by refractive index, thickness, attenuation, and porosity, as well as gas sensing performances for benzene, toluene, and xylene. The experimental results indicated that the LiFe_0.99Ni_0.01PO₄ thin films dried at 450°C displayed higher refractive indices, good transparency, and less attenuation; thus, the resulting sensor of a LiFe_0.99Ni_0.01PO₄ thin film/tin-diffused optical wave-guide exhibited a greater response to xylene in the concentration range of 0.1–1000?ppm.     

Influence of surfactant and annealing temperature on optical properties of sol–gel derived nano-crystalline TiO2 thin films

Titanium dioxide thin films have been synthesized by sol–gel spin coating technique on glass and silicon substrates with and without surfactant polyethylene glycol (PEG). XRD and SEM results confirm the presence of nano-crystalline (anatase) phase at an annealing temperature of 300 °C. The influence of surfactant and annealing temperature on optical properties of TiO₂ thin films has been studied. Optical constants and film thickness were estimated by Swanepoel's (envelope) method and by ellipsometric measurements in the visible spectral range. The optical transmittance and reflectance were found to decrease with an increase in PEG percentage. Refractive index of the films decreased and film thickness increased with the increase in percentage of surfactant. The refractive index of the un-doped TiO₂ films was estimated at different annealing temperatures and it has increased with the increasing annealing temperature. The optical band gap of pure TiO₂ films was estimated by Tauc's method at different annealing temperature.     

Time-resolved light scattering studies of Spin-coated titanium dioxide

Spin coating of titanium alkoxides is a fast and straightforward method of forming compact and durable titanium dioxide thin films. In this report, an optical interference technique is used to understand the dynamics of titanium dioxide thin film formation during the spin coating process of titanium (IV) ethoxide sols, and a 4-stage thinning model is proposed. Optical monitoring of interference fringes as a function of time enables determination of the time-dependent film thickness through measurement of the interference fringe separation while the sol to gel transition can be monitored by analyzing the fringe visibility. For films that are spun at 2,000 rpm or faster, a spin duration of 5 s is sufficient for the film to reach its final thickness. At a given spin speed, spin times longer than 5 s do not affect the final film thickness. However, thinner final film thicknesses can be achieved by increasing the spin speed. All films were found to densify on annealing with an annealed thickness approximately 0.4 times that of the pre-anneal thickness regardless of spin speed. Spin-coated titanium dioxide films are expected to play an important role in low-cost and scalable next generation solar cells employing dyes and quantum dots as the light harvesting agents.     

Optical Viscometry of Spinning Sol Coatings

Optical interferometric monitoring of spin coating (optospinography) has allowed close observation of the temporal evolution of a thin silicate sol film (typically at 2000 rpm, 100 Hz data acquisition). The kinematic viscosity data obtained, using a simple analytical model, are validated with those from a mineral oil standard, with agreement well within the experimental uncertainties. For spin coating in open air, the influence of variations in refractive index, rheological properties and air flow are discussed. Inflections in the temporal evolution of the optical thickness of silicate sol films are analyzed, which indicate the usefulness of optospinography, particularly when applied in the proximity of the rotation axis and evaporation is minimized, to monitor time variations in the kinematic viscosity of these sols during spin coating.     

Solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer thin films: removal of processing history

The ordering processes of PS-b-P2VP block copolymer thin films with different processing histories were studied during solvent vapor annealing by in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). We compared cylinder-forming PS-b-P2VP thin films with 34 kg/mol molecular weight that were prepared in three different ways: spin coating, spin coating and subsequent solvent vapor annealing where the solvent vapor was removed instantaneously, and spin coating and subsequent solvent vapor annealing where the solvent vapor was removed slowly. Block copolymer thin films retained the morphology resulting from the different “processing histories” at smaller swelling ratios. This processing history was erased when the samples reached a higher swelling ratio (~1.4). After the solvent was slowly removed from the swollen film, the surface morphology was characterized by ex situ AFM. All samples showed the same morphology after solvent annealing regardless of the initial morphology, indicating the morphology of solvent annealed samples is determined by the polymer concentration in the swollen film and the solvent vapor removal rate, but not the processing history.     

Structural,morphological, optical and third order nonlinear optical response of spin-coated NiO thin films: An effect of N doping

The present work deals with the deposition of NiO and Nitrogen (N)-doped NiO thin films by sol-gel spin coating technique. Structural, morphological, linear and non-linear optical characteristics of undoped and N-doped (1–15 wt%) NiO films were studied. From XRD measurements, it is evident that single phase nano crystalline NiO is formed for all doping concentrations. Surface morphology study shows that higher concentration of N doped NiO thin films were of high quality and EDX mapping confirmed the doping of Nitrogen in films. The Raman spectra of the studied films were analyzed over the range of 1400-200 cm⁻¹. The optical studies confirm that as doping increases, transparency of the film decreases (except at 10% N doping) and the band gap narrows. Nonlinear parameters such as refractive index and susceptibilities also depend on N dopant concentration. Z-scan studies viz., absorption index, nonlinear refractive index were carried out on undoped and N doped NiO samples and the results were matched with theoretical calculated values.     

Thin films of functionalized amorphous silica for immunosensors application

Within the framework of the development of an optical immunosensor, the sol-gel process has been used to prepare a thin film of amorphous silica, deposited by spin coating on a gold-coated glass slide, and possessing chemically active functional groups (SH, NH₂...). After activation of the sol-gel film in aqueous buffers by a bifunctional coupling agent, biological molecules such as antibodies could be covalently bonded on or inside the sol-gel film. Therefore, the behavior in aqueous solutions of the functionalized silica thin films has been analysed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and guided wave propagation. Results show a modification of the thickness and of the refractive index of the silica film. Pore size range has been deduced by the infiltration of different molecular weight dextran molecules diluted in water into the sol-gel material. Immunosassays have demonstrated biological activity of antibodies which are covalently linked to or entraped in the sol-gel film.     

Chemical Solution Deposition of ZnO Thin Films by an Aqueous Solution Gel Precursor Route

An aqueous chemical solution deposition method was used to prepare thin films of ZnO on SiO₂/Si (1 1 1) substrates. Starting from an aqueous solution of Zn acetate, citric acid and ammonia, very thin films could be deposited by spin coating. Heating parameters, necessary for thin film annealing, were determined using FTIR experiments on dried gel precursors, heated up to different temperatures. The morphology and the thickness of the films were investigated by SEM. It is found that homogeneous thin films with grain sizes of about 20 nm are formed. XRD experiments show that there is an indication that the films, crystallized at 500°C, exhibit preferential grain growth along the c-axis.     

Quasi-isotropic analysis of anisotropic thin films on optical waveguides

Thin films assembled on a substrate are often anisotropic. Nevertheless, because of experimental limitations, sufficient parameters to characterize the anisotropy, even in the simplest (and perhaps most common) case of uniaxial thin films, which are birefringent, are not usually available. This paper examines the consequences of treating them as isotropic thin films, with particular reference to their characterization via perturbation of the propagation constants (effective refractive indices) of optical waveguides. It is shown that the refractive index and geometrical thickness of a thin film thus calculated are often unrealistic (especially when the thin film is positively birefringent), but the mass per unit area may be quite precise, depending on the sign and magnitude of the birefringence.