间歇电喷雾的初步研究

高灵敏度是电喷雾质谱应用最重要的需要之一[1].虽然电喷雾与基体辅助激光解吸技术的发展已经极大地提高了生物质谱的分析性能[2],但是这样的灵敏度对于许多生物样品的测试还是远远不够的,而现在采用了间歇电喷雾的方法,将灵敏度提高到了500 amol.这种质谱方法显著地改善了信噪比,提高了溶解、输出和离子化的效率,降低了样品消耗和仪器污染.间歇电喷雾的方法很容易在各种质谱仪上实现,尤其适合分子较大的蛋白质的质谱测定.     

纸喷雾敞开式质谱法的发展和应用

纸喷雾质谱法是一种新型的敞开式质谱技术,其以低价易处理的纸为载体,将样品加在三角形的纸上,通过施加高电压,目标分子在电场的驱动下到达纸尖,瞬间气化形成电喷雾,样品离子化后进入质谱进行分析。它具有敞开式质谱法和电喷雾电离技术的特点,可以在开放式大气压环境下对样品或样品表面的物质进行分析,分析成本低、高通量、简便、实时、快速,可简化工作流程,提高质谱仪器的易用性。本文从纸喷雾质谱法的原理出发,介绍了影响其电离效率的主要因素(如载体基质,溶剂系统,洗脱方式等),并对近几年该技术的改进和发展,及其在生物样品检测、植物化学分析、品种鉴别、食品安全和环境分析等领域的应用进行了综述,全面介绍了该项技术的特点和优势。多项研究证明纸喷雾质谱法是一个应用面广泛,具有很大发展前景的分析技术,对其开展研究工作十分有意义。最后讨论了纸喷雾质谱法存在的不足,并提出了相关改进的设想。     

高灵敏度纳喷雾正交飞行时间质谱法

研制了纳喷雾离子化技术与正交飞行时间质谱的联用接口，在电场力的作用下 ，样品流速约为30nL/min,40nmol/L细胞色素c溶液的单张图谱样品消耗量为0. 02amol、检测限约为0.8～1.2zmol.由于纳喷雾离子化技术的离子化机理与常规离 子化方法有所不同，由母液滴裂解成能被直接检测的液滴的步骤少，因此能增加检 测的灵敏度，特别适合于分析多糖类分子。通过分析SBE-β-CD获得了较满意的结 果。另外还分别对agiotensin I进行了源内CID实验和对细胞色素c的胰酶酶解图谱 进行分析，对所有酶解的多肽混合物离子作了归属。证明纳喷雾技术是一种高灵敏 度，且适合于分析复杂基质环境及微量样品的技术。     

液质联用中接口离子化新技术

液相色谱-质谱联用(简称液质联用,LC-MS)将色谱的高分离效能与质谱强大的结构测定功能结合,不仅实现了对复杂混合物更准确的定性定量分析,而且简化了样品的前处理过程,使样品分析更简便,在药物分析、食品与环境分析以及生物样品检测等众多领域得到了广泛的应用。作为LC-MS的核心组成部分,液质接口的作用是将LC的液体引入,发生电离,并将生成的离子传输进MS。因此,接口离子化技术的改进直接影响了LC-MS的发展和应用。为了获得更高的灵敏度和更广泛的适用性,研究人员一直致力于离子化技术的研究,以促进分析物的解吸,提高其电离和传输效率,减少基质效应的干扰。本文针对近年来LC-MS接口离子化技术的改进和发展,从离子化原理出发,对接口离子源的构造、影响电离的因素、以及相关的应用进行综述,探讨其优缺点,并对LC-MS接口离子化技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

直接获取生物组织内部磷脂类物质的质谱分析方法

选择肺癌组织等多种生物组织为代表性样品,在正离子检测模式下,以磷脂类物质丰度、信号强度高为目标,考察了21种不同组成的CH3OH/H2O溶剂体系,获得了最佳溶剂(CH3OH-H2O,30∶70, V/V),建立了一种无需破坏、研磨即可获取组织内部样品中磷脂类物质信号的内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱( iEESI-MS)方法,并成功应用于肺癌、食管癌、猪肉、牛肉、猪肺、猪心等不同生物组织样品中磷脂类物质的直接质谱分析。本方法无需样品预处理,可通过选择合适的萃取溶剂来提高方法的分析灵敏度和选择性,单个样品的平均分析时间少于1 min,样品耗量少,有望为生物组织样品中磷脂类物质的研究提供一种质谱学新方法。     

辅助电极对纳升电喷雾影响的研究

电喷雾质谱作为一种有效的软电离技术易于和各种液相分离技术如高效液相色谱以及毛细管电泳等技术实现在线联用,已越来越广泛地用于生物大分子的分析鉴定,但常规电喷雾技术要求分析试剂流速一般为1～10μL／min,耗样量大．因而低样品消耗、高灵敏的纳升电喷雾技术的研究越来越受到重视。纳升电喷雾技术因其喷雾头口径较小,产生的泰勒锥体也相应减小,样品分子的去溶剂化和离子化效率大大提高,有文献报道,利用纳升电喷雾技术可检测到10^-18mol级蛋白样品。     

固相基底电喷雾电离质谱的原理及应用

实际样品的直接质谱分析是质谱技术发展的重要趋势.固相基底电喷雾电离质谱是使用固相材料(如金属材料、多孔材料)承载样品进行电离的一类技术,可以直接分析各种形态的样品(如液态样品、黏性样品、固体样品、生物组织等),具有不同于传统毛细管电喷雾电离质谱的分析特性.近年来,固相基底电喷雾电离质谱受到越来越多的关注,并且已广泛地应用于生物、化学、药学以及食品等领域.本文着重介绍了几种典型固相基底电喷雾电离技术的原理及其应用,并且讨论了固相基底和溶剂在其中的作用以及固相基底电喷雾电离质的未来发展趋势.     

固相基底电喷雾电离质谱分析固状与粘稠状药物的基质效应

固状与粘稠状辅剂常用于制造颗粒、片剂、胶囊或膏状药品,并能有效地保持药效成分活性的稳定性。基于固相基底的敞开式电喷雾电离质谱技术已被发展用于药品的直接分析。然而,固状与粘稠状基质对药物分子直接质谱检测的影响规律还不明确。该研究构建了不同黏度和不同溶解度的基质体系,采用木签(牙签)为代表的固相基底电喷雾电离质谱考察了几种模式药物分子在固状与粘稠状基质中的质谱响应规律。结果发现,易溶解的基质电离产生显著的离子干扰和抑制效应,而难溶的基质尽管不产生离子干扰,但在溶剂作用下可变成粘稠状从而抑制药物的离子化。进一步研究表明,药物分子的质谱信号随着基质的黏度增加(1~500 cP)呈幂函数降低(r 2>0.95)。该研究将增进理解固体与粘稠样品直接质谱分析的基质效应与信号响应规律。     

电喷雾质谱脱溶剂过程的改进和应用

电喷雾电离(ESI)技术由于脱溶剂过程中产生的电解作用及溶剂蒸发作用,使得酸性溶液喷雾液滴中质子残留,pH值降低,导致蛋白质在液滴中的空间构象受到破坏,所得质谱图无法正确反映蛋白质在溶剂中的真实构象。本研究以两种经典蛋白质(细胞色素C和肌红蛋白)为实验样本,通过在ESI源和质谱仪进样端中间加入自行设计的空气放大器,产生高流速大流量气流,改善ESI脱溶剂过程。结果表明,电喷雾电离的初始液滴在高流速大流量气流引发的激烈碰撞中,被切割为粒径极小的喷雾液滴,同时液滴所带电荷被均分,从而使液滴pH值保持稳定,避免因ESI脱溶剂作用而破坏蛋白质的空间构象。基于高流速大流量气流在ESI脱溶剂过程的新机理,在使用商业化的ESI源时,着重于鞘气等脱溶剂辅助气体的使用和调节。通过增大鞘气的气流量保持蛋白质的生物构象。     

离子液凝胶的研究进展

离子液凝胶结合了离子液体的稳定、不挥发、良好导电性以及普通凝胶的环境响应性智能特点,因而不但可用于制作新型太阳能电池、锂电池、超级电容器、人工肌肉和电致变色装置,还可作为功能膜材料用于催化反应和气体分离,以及作为生物传感器用于检测葡萄糖、多巴胺等生物分子.本文综述了近年来离子液凝胶主要的制备方法及其在电化学、热学、环境响应等方面的性能,展望了这些材料作为光电材料、功能膜材料和生物传感器的潜在巨大前景.     

Analysis of Biological Samples Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: An Investigation of Impacts by the Substrates, Solvents and Elution Methods

Paper spray has been developed as a fast sampling ionization method for direct analysis of raw biological and chemical samples using mass spectrometry (MS). Quantitation of therapeutic drugs in blood samples at high accuracy has also been achieved using paper spray MS without traditional sample preparation or chromatographic separation. The paper spray ionization is a process integrated with a fast extraction of the analyte from the raw sample by a solvent, the transport of the extracted analytes on the paper, and a spray ionization at the tip of the paper substrate with a high voltage applied. In this study, the influence on the analytical performance by the solvent–substrate systems and the selection of the elution methods was investigated. The protein hemoglobin could be observed from fresh blood samples on silanized paper or from dried blood spots on silica-coated paper. The on-paper separation of the chemicals during the paper spray was characterized through the analysis of a mixture of the methyl violet 2B and methylene blue. The mode of applying the spray solvent was found to have a significant impact on the separation. The results in this study led to a better understanding of the analyte elution, on-paper separation, as well as the ionization processes of the paper spray. This study also helps in establishing a guideline for optimizing the analytical performance of paper spray for direct analysis of target analytes using mass spectrometry.     

超声液相萃取-GC/MS-SIM法定量检测唾液中苯丙胺类毒品

建立了一种人体唾液中苯丙胺(AM)、甲基苯丙胺(MAM)、 3, 4-亚甲二氧基苯丙胺(MDA)、 3, 4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)毒品的超声波液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱-选择离子检测方法. 对萃取溶剂、萃取时间等参数进行了考查, 确定了乙酸乙酯为萃取溶剂, 在超声波下液液萃取2 min. 用该溶剂对添加毒品的唾液进行提取, 采用气相色谱/质谱-选择离子检测法(GC/MS-SIM)检测, 获得了良好线性, 相对标准偏差在15%内, 准确性均在80%～115%之间, 最小检测限可达0.05 μg/mL. 该方法未对毒品进行衍生化处理, 可用于缴获毒品及嫌疑吸毒者人体生物检材中苯丙胺类毒品的分析.     

Ionization Suppression and Recovery in Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Paper spray mass spectrometry is a method for the direct analysis of biofluid samples in which extraction of analytes from dried biofluid spots and electrospray ionization occur from the paper on which the dried sample is stored. We examined matrix effects in the analysis of small molecule drugs from urine, plasma, and whole blood. The general method was to spike stable isotope labeled analogs of each analyte into the spray solvent, while the analyte itself was in the dried biofluid. Intensity of the labeled analog is proportional to ionization efficiency, whereas the ratio of the analyte intensity to the labeled analog in the spray solvent is proportional to recovery. Ion suppression and recovery were found to be compound- and matrix-dependent. Highest levels of ion suppression were obtained for poor ionizers (e.g., analytes lacking basic aliphatic amine groups) in urine and approached –90%. Ion suppression was much lower or even absent for good ionizers (analytes with aliphatic amines) in dried blood spots. Recovery was generally highest in urine and lowest in blood. We also examined the effect of two experimental parameters on ion suppression and recovery: the spray solvent and the sample position (how far away from the paper tip the dried sample was spotted). Finally, the change in ion suppression and analyte elution as a function of time was examined by carrying out a paper spray analysis of dried plasma spots for 5 min by continually replenishing the spray solvent.

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Trace-level determination of 1,4-dioxane in water by isotopic dilution GC and GC-MS

The volatile and polar solvent 1,4-dioxane has recently been reported as a contaminant of ground and surface waters, establishing the need to determine this substance in drinking water. This investigation established that 1,4-dioxane can be determined in water by various techniques including direct aqueous injection (DAI) gas chromatography (GC) and purge and trap GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Purge and trap GC-MS is limited by 1,4-dioxane's poor purge efficiency, resulting in detection limits up to 100 times greater than the efficiently purged volatile organic compounds. To attain the sensitivity required for drinking water monitoring, a method based on continuous liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane was developed. Isotope dilution was more accurate and reproducible than quantification with external standards, and the improvement in precision led to a lower method detection limit, 0.2 microgram L-1, using a quadrupole ion trap instrument in the electron ionization mode. Isotope dilution accuracy approached 100% in ppb determinations. Isotopic dilution quantification was also possible using a non-selective GC detector owing to the high efficiency of capillary GC columns that resolve the deuterium-labeled solvent from the natural isotopes.     

pH-resistant titania hybrid organic-inorganic coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of drugs of abuse in urine samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet visible detection

An organic-inorganic hybrid titania-hydroxy-terminated silicone oil (titania-OH-TSO) stir bar coating was prepared by sol-gel method. The extraction performance of titania-OH-TSO coated stir bar was evaluated and compared with poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS), poly(dimethysiloxane)-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB), poly(dimethysiloxane)-β-cyclodextrin (PDMS-β-CD) and C(18) coated stir bar with five polar drugs of abuse including amphetamine (PA), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine (Ke) as the model analytes. The experimental results revealed that the titania-OH-TSO coated stir bar exhibited highly pH-resistant ability, good preparation reproducibility, superior selectivity and high extraction efficiency for the target compounds. Based on this fact, a new method of titania-OH-TSO coated stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet visible (UV) detection was developed for the analysis of five drugs of abuse in urine samples. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of SBSE such as sample pH, desorption solvent, sample volume, extraction time, desorption time, stirring rate and ionic strength were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for titania-OH-TSO coated SBSE-HPLC-UV determination of five polar drugs of abuse were in the range of 2.3-9.1 μg/L with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 7.3 to 8.9% (c=300 μg/L, n=6), and all of the target compounds exhibited good linearity over a concentration range of 30-3000 μg/L. The developed method was applied to the determination of amphetamines and Ke in urine samples of drug abusers with satisfactory results.     

Partitioned dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: an approach for polar organic compounds extraction from aqueous samples

Partitioned dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (PDLLME) efficiency was demonstrated for the extraction of polar organic compounds (chlorophenoxyacetic acids) prior to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was based on the formation of tiny droplets of an organic extractant in an aqueous sample (river water) by injecting a mixture of a water-immiscible organic solvent [tetrachloroethylene (TCE)] as extractant dissolved in a water-miscible organic dispersive solvent [tetrahydrofuran (THF)]. Based on their partition coefficients, polar compounds were extracted into the dispersed TCE droplets as well as into THF. Different parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were evaluated and precision, linearity, detection limit and an enrichment factor were determined.     

基于冷冻熔炼的液-液萃取/气相色谱法测定啤酒中的N-二甲基亚硝胺

建立了一种新型的冷冻熔炼液-液萃取法直接提取啤酒中的N-二甲基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodimethylamine,N DM A),萃取液经GC-FID分析,双柱法定性,外标法定量。优化的前处理条件为:以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂,啤酒样品和萃取溶剂的体积比为9∶1,-19℃下冷冻16 h。结果表明:NDMA在5~200 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系(r2=0.999 6);在5、10和20 mg/L 3个加标水平下的回收率分别为84.94%、83.24%、85.14%,平行7次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.06%、3.19%、2.63%。与常规液-液萃取方法(需要经过蒸馏、萃取、旋蒸、氮吹4个步骤)相比,本方法稳定、可靠,且操作简单,有机溶剂消耗量少。     

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in cereal products

The application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique for the rapid analysis of aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) in maize, rice and wheat products has been evaluated. After extraction of aflatoxins from cereal matrices with a mixture of methanol/water 8:2 (v/v), the analytes were rapidly transferred from the extract to another small volume of organic solvent, chloroform, by DLLME. Aflatoxins were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with florescence detection and photochemical post-column derivatization. Parameters affecting both extraction and DLLME procedures, such as extraction solvent, type and volume of DLLME extractant, volume of water and salt effect, were systematically investigated and optimized to achieve the best extraction efficiency. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the whole analytical method provides enrichment factors around 2.5 times and detection limits (0.01-0.17 μg kg(-1)) below the maximum levels imposed by current regulation for aflatoxins in cereals and cereal products intended for direct human consumption. Recoveries (67-92%) and repeatability (RSD<10, n=3), tested in three different cereal matrices, meet the performance criteria required by EC Regulation No. 401/2006 for the determination of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of retail cereal products with quantitative results comparable to the immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC). The main advantages of developed method are the simplicity of operation, the rapidity to achieve a very high sample throughput and low cost.     

Determination of amoxapine and nortriptyline in blood plasma and serum by salt-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

A new, selective and sensitive method has been developed for the determination of tricyclic antidepressant drugs, amoxapine and nortriptyline, in human blood plasma and serum, involving their reaction with allyl isothiocyanate and extraction of thiourea derivatives with water-miscible organic solvent acetonitrile. The phase separation was effected by addition of ammonium sulphate, a process called salt-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction. The extract was analyzed by HPLC with UV detection at 254?nm. The method has been optimized for derivatization reaction time and temperature, solvent for extraction, and salt for solvent phase separation. Under the optimal conditions, a linear calibration graph was obtained between the amount of drug and the peak area of thiourea derivatives in the range of 0.002-20?mg/L drugs. The correlation coefficient and limit of detection values for amoxapine and nortriptyline in serum/plasma samples were in the range of 0.9953-0.9999 and 0.46-0.58?μg/L, respectively. The recovery in spiking experiments ranged, respectively, 75-88% (RSD 3.4-7.2%) and 79-97% (RSD 3.7-7.9%) for the two drugs.     

Determination of some acidic drugs in surface and sewage treatment plant waters by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

We describe an analytical method involving solid-phase extraction (SPE) and capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CZE-ESI-MS) for determining some pharmaceutical compounds - naproxen, clofibric acid and bezafibrate - in real water samples. The electrospray parameters were optimized to maximize sensitivity. When a mixed aqueous-organic solvent and CZE-ESI-MS were used to analyze these drugs in water samples, the capillary was coated with hexadimethrin bromide (HDB) to permanently reverse the EOF. The method was developed from off-line SPE-CZE-MS and was validated with surface water. The detection limits were 100 ng.L(-1) for all analytes. The method was applied to analyze water samples from the influent and effluent of a sewage treatment plant. A liquid-liquid extraction step was required before SPE, and the compounds studied were found, some of them between detection and quantification limits.