微生物燃料电池电极材料研究进展

微生物燃料电池以微生物为催化剂将化学能直接转化成电能,可用于废水处理并产生电能,是一种极具应用前景的生物电化学技术. 本文综述了近年来微生物燃料电池电极材料的制备、功能修饰及表面构建等的研究进展,着重介绍了炭基纳米材料的微结构与成分对微生物燃料电池性能的影响,并分析了微生物燃料电池电极材料现存的主要问题,以期不久的将来微生物燃料电池能付之实用.     

在体酶生物燃料电池的研究进展

酶生物燃料电池(Enzymatic biofuel cells,EBFCs)具有高专一性和催化性能,可催化与氧化还原反应有关的燃料并获得电能.可用的生物燃料,如葡萄糖、乳酸和丙酮酸盐,可以从汗液、泪液和血液中提取,因而以体液为燃料的EBFCs在可植入式或可穿戴式设备中具有良好的应用前景.采用生物电催化机理对酶生物燃料电池在体液发电中的应用进行了研究,以及对可植入式或可穿戴式生物燃料电池的主要挑战和未来的前景进行了展望.     

全酶型乙醇/氧气生物燃料电池的构筑及性能研究

本文以乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和胆红素氧化酶（BOD）为生物催化剂,以碳纳米管为电极材料,构筑了全酶型乙醇/氧气生物燃料电池. 将乙醇脱氢酶负载于单壁碳纳米管（SWCNT）上,采用亚甲基绿（MG）为NADH的电化学催化剂,实现乙醇的生物电化学催化氧化,制备了生物燃料电池ADH/MG/SWCNT/GC的电极（阳极）. 同时,将胆红素氧化酶固定于单壁碳纳米管上,通过其直接电子转移,实现了氧气的生物电化学催化还原,制得生物燃料电池的BOD/SWCNT/GC阴极. 据此构筑了全酶型的无膜生物燃料电池,在空气饱和40 mmol·L^-1乙醇磷酸缓冲溶液中该电池开路电压为0.53 V,最大输出功率密度为11 μW·cm^-2. 以商品化伏特酒作为燃料,该生物燃料电池最大输出功率为3.7 μW·cm^-2.     

酶生物燃料电池

综述了酶生物燃料电池的研究进展，特别是近年来在电池结构、性能以及电池的正极和负极研究等方面的成果。详细介绍了酶燃料电池中酶电极的制备方法和用于酶电极修饰材料的研究现状，对酶燃料电池研究中需要解决的问题和发展方向进行了探讨。     

以甲醇为燃料的中温固体氧化物燃料电池性能研究

制备了阳极负载型LDC-LSGM双层电解质薄膜电池．考察了单电池在分别使用甲醇和氢气两种燃料时,不同温度下的I～V性能．以甲醇为燃料,以空气为氧化剂时,800℃下的最大输出功率密度为1．07W／cm^2,而使用氢气为燃料时,最大输出功率密度为1．54W／cm^2．通过交流阻抗研究了造成甲醇性能降低的可能原因．结果表明,以甲醇作为燃料时,单电池性能较氢气作为燃料时低。     

酶生物燃料电池自供能传感器的研究现状及应用

在现代分析领域中,对于生物传感器的要求不断倾向于微型化和便捷化。基于酶型生物燃料电池的自供能传感器在检测目标物的同时可以提供能量,避免了外电源的使用,为生物传感器的微型化和便捷化发展提供了有效途径,日益成为人们关注的焦点。本文按照设计原理进行分类,对近五年内发展的基于酶型生物燃料电池的自供能传感器进行了综述,并展望了其今后的研究趋势和应用前景。     

真空注浆法制备YSZ电解质膜管及其在固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用

以吡啶为分散剂，采用真空注浆法制备出膜厚为0．2mm，长度为140mm的致密YSZ电解质膜管，研究了烧结中温度对样品致密度和离子导电率的影响，用1650℃烧结2h制备的致密YSZ电解质膜管组装成固体氧化物燃料电池，以氢气和煤气为燃料，研究了电池在500－900℃的电化学性能，实验结果表明，用真空注浆法可制备出高质量和高密度的YSZ电解质膜管，在1600℃烧结后，其相对密度已达到理论密度的98．1％，接近理论密度，单电池的开路电压最大值为1．213V，最大输出功率为0．48W，以氢气为燃料的燃料电池性能明显高于以煤气为燃料的电池性能。     

生物电化学传感器的设计 Ⅰ.基本原理

自1967年第一支酶电极问世以来,数以百计的各种生物电化学传感器相继出现,这不仅为临床检验、环境分析以及食品、医药等工业生产过程的监控提供了新的工具,而且促进了生物电催化和生物燃料电池研     

基于水溶性多金属氧酸盐的光催化燃料电池

以水溶性多金属氧酸盐作为光催化剂和电子载体构建了一种新型光催化燃料电池.该光催化燃料电池发生燃料的均相光催化降解反应,可实现在无光照情况下的持续放电.使用生物柴油副产物甘油作为燃料时,该光催化燃料电池的输出功率达0.24 m W/cm~2.在持续光照条件下,电池可长时间运转近50 h,电流稳定在0.75 m A/cm~2以上.甘油在电池中可持续循环放电,根据实际的反应程度可被转化为醛和酸,进一步氧化得到COx.对多种有机燃料的应用表明该光催化燃料电池具有广泛的适用性.     

制氢催化剂研究进展

随着化石燃料的日趋枯竭和其带来的环境问题，人们迫切需要更有效的利用化石燃料及开发清洁、价廉的新能源．氢以其储量丰富、清洁、高效、便于运输、环境友好等特点在新能源开发中脱颖而出．氢气用于燃料电池，其化学能一电能转化比内燃机高3～4倍，因此欧、美、日等国家投入了大量的人力和财力开发高效燃料电池，并且将此种电源应用于汽车、宇宙飞船和航天飞机．日本电气公司（NEC）已开发出笔记本电脑专用燃料电池．     

Mitochondrial biofuel cells: expanding fuel diversity to amino acids

Although mitochondria have long been considered the powerhouse of the living cell, it is only recently that we have been able to employ these organelles for electrocatalysis in electrochemical energy conversion devices. The concept of using biological entities for energy conversion, commonly referred to as a biofuel cell, has been researched for nearly a century, but until recently the biological entities were limited to microbes or isolated enzymes. However, from the perspectives of efficient energy conversion and high volumetric catalytic activity, mitochondria may be a possible compromise between the efficiency of microbial biofuel cells and the high volumetric catalytic activity of enzymatic biofuel cells. This perspective focuses on comparing mitochondrial biofuel cells to other types of biofuel cells, as well as studying the fuel diversity that can be employed with mitochondrial biofuel cells. Pyruvate and fatty acids have previously been studied as fuels, but this perspective shows evidence that amino acids can be employed as fuels as well.     

Wireless Information Transmission System Powered by an Abiotic Biofuel Cell Implanted in an Orange

An “abiotic” biofuel cell composed of catalytic electrodes modified with inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) deposited on carbon black (CB) was used to activate a wireless information transmission system. The cathode and anode were made of carbon paper modified with Pt‐NPs/CB and buckypaper modified with Au₈₀Pt₂₀‐NPs/CB, respectively. The cathode/anode pair was implanted in orange pulp extracting power from its content (glucose and fructose in the juice). The open circuit voltage, V_oc, short circuit current density, j_sc, and maximum power produced by the biofuel cell, P_max, were found as 0.36 V, 1.3 mA cm^?2 and 182 µW, respectively. The voltage produced by the biofuel cell was amplified with an energy harvesting circuit and applied to a wireless transmitter. The present study continues the research line where different implantable biofuel cells are used for activation of electronic devices.     

Biofuel Cell Operating in Vivo in Rat

Biocatalytic electrodes made of buckypaper were modified with PQQ‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase on the anode and with laccase on the cathode. The enzyme modified electrodes were assembled in a biofuel cell which was first characterized in human serum solution and then the electrodes were placed onto exposed rat cremaster tissue. Glucose and oxygen dissolved in blood were used as the fuel and oxidizer, respectively, for the implanted biofuel cell operation. The steady‐state open circuitry voltage of 140±30 mV and short circuitry current of 10±3 µA (current density ca. 5 µA cm^?2 based on the geometrical electrode area of 2 cm²) were achieved in the in vivo operating biofuel cell. Future applications of implanted biofuel cells for powering of biomedical and sensor devices are discussed.     

Microchip-based ethanol/oxygen biofuel cell

One of the limitations of lab-on-a-chip technology has been the lack of integrated power supplies for powering various devices on the chip. This research focused on design of a stackable, microchip-based biofuel cell. The biofuel cell is powered by the addition of ethanol through a flow channel to a bioanode. The bioanode contains a micromolded carbon ink anode that has been modified with two layers. The first layer is poly(methylene green), which is an electrocatalyst for NADH oxidation; the second layer is a membrane that contains an immobilized enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase. Each layer was characterized electrochemically. It was found that the poly(methylene green) layer is kinetically-limited, but when the complete bioanode is formed, the bioanode is diffusion-limited due to slow mass transport of NADH within the modified Nafion membrane. When used relative to an external platinum cathode, the biofuel cell showed maximum open circuit potentials of 0.34 V and maximum current densities of 53.0 +/- 9.1 microA cm(-2). This research demonstrates the feasibility of a microfabricated biofuel cell device.     

Isolation and purification of PQQ-dependent lactate dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter and use for direct electron transfer at carbon and gold electrodes

This research details the isolation and purification of a new type of lactate dehydrogenase that is dependent upon the coenzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). PQQ-dependent enzymes have been of interest in the literature over the last decade due to the fact that many of them can undergo direct electron transfer (DET) at electrode surfaces which is of interest for biosensor and biofuel cell applications. In the paper, we detail the isolation of PQQ-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (PQQ-LDH) from two sources of Gluconobacter (Gluconobacter sp. 33 and Gluconobacter suboxydans). This paper also shows the first evidence that PQQ-LDH can undergo direct electron transfer at gold and carbon electrode surfaces for future use in biosensors and biofuel cells.     

Implanted biofuel cell operating in a living snail

Implantable biofuel cells have been suggested as sustainable micropower sources operating in living organisms, but such bioelectronic systems are still exotic and very challenging to design. Very few examples of abiotic and enzyme-based biofuel cells operating in animals in vivo have been reported. Implantation of biocatalytic electrodes and extraction of electrical power from small living creatures is even more difficult and has not been achieved to date. Here we report on the first implanted biofuel cell continuously operating in a snail and producing electrical power over a long period of time using physiologically produced glucose as a fuel. The "electrified" snail, being a biotechnological living "device", was able to regenerate glucose consumed by biocatalytic electrodes, upon appropriate feeding and relaxing, and then produce a new "portion" of electrical energy. The snail with the implanted biofuel cell will be able to operate in a natural environment, producing sustainable electrical micropower for activating various bioelectronic devices.     

Development of Reasonably Stable Chitosan Based Proton Exchange Membranes for a Glucose Oxidase Based Enzymatic Biofuel Cell

Chitosan based reasonably stable membranes were prepared as polymeric electrolyte and separator for enzymatic fuel cell applications. Glucose oxidase (GOx) bioanode centered biofuel cell with the developed chitosan membranes performed much better in stability with high current densities than that of the biofuel cell utilizing a 125 μ‐thick perfluorosulfonic acid‐type membrane (i. e. Nafion® 115). Proposed chitosan membrane structural stability was enhanced by employing cellulosic support materials and chemical crosslinking. The effects of pH, buffer type, buffer concentration, temperature on the manufactured chitosan membranes along with the biofuel cell system were investigated. The biofuel cell operation parameters were optimized for the current density and stability aspects and more than 3 mA cm^?2 current density was acquired from the cell at optimum conditions. Operational half‐life of the chitosan membrane was found as higher than the half‐life of the GOx immobilized bioanode. Therefore, this result indicates that chitosan membrane structural stability was not a limiting issue for the biofuel cell lifespan.     

Scaling group analysis of bioconvective micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer in a porous medium

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The current and potential applications of bioconvection renewed drive for theoretical research on synthesis and process control in biofuel cells and...     

Biofuel cell anode based on the Gluconobacter oxydans bacteria cells and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as an electron transport mediator

A basic scheme of the use of the Gluconobacter oxydans bacteria cells as a biocatalyst at an anode of a biofuel cell with air-based cathode is raised up. The anode and cathode of the cell are made of graphite; 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol serves as an electron transport mediator; and glucose is the substrate to be oxidized. The open-circuit voltage is 55 mV, for the bacteria cell, the mediator, and glucose concentrations of 3 mg/ml (raw weight), 34 mM, and 10 mM, respectively. The voltage and current of the biofuel cell loaded with an external resistance of 10 kohm are 5.6 mV and 0.56 mA. The cell’s internal resistance is 88 kohm.