固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定中草药中13种有机氯农药的残留量

 建立了中草药中有机氯类农药残留量的固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱(SPE-CGC)分析方法。对丹参、黄芩、射干、白芍、白芷、天南星、牛蒡子、知母、桔梗共9种中草药中六六六的4种异构体、滴滴涕的4种异构体、七氯、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂共13种有机氯农药的残留量进行了测定。以丙酮-正己烷混合物作提取剂,采用超声波提取样品,然后用Florisil固相萃取小柱快速净化提取物。采用SPB-5弹性石英毛细管气相色谱柱分离样品,电化学检测器进行检测。13种农药的峰面积与其质量浓度均有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998。最小检测量为0.064～0.61 μg/L;样品的加标回收率为87.3%～102.3%(相对标准偏差为1.3%～6.8%)。该法简便快速、灵敏准确,具有广泛的应用前景。     

搅拌棒吸附子萃取与GC-MS法测定水中20种有机氯农药

建立了搅拌棒吸附子萃取/气相色谱-质谱法(SBSE/GC-MS)同时检测水中α-六六六、γ-六六六、β-六六六、七氯、δ-六六六、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、γ-氯丹、顺-氯丹、硫丹Ⅰ、p,p-滴滴伊、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、p,p-滴滴滴、硫丹Ⅱ、p,p-滴滴涕、异狄氏剂醛、硫丹硫酸盐、甲氧滴滴涕、异狄氏剂酮20种有机氯农药含量的方法.样品在室温下经拌棒吸附子搅拌吸附,甲醇解吸附后,以J&W DB-35 MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)石英毛细管色谱柱为分析柱,气相色谱-质谱选择离子流模式检测.考察了萃取时间、氯化钠及甲醇加入量等对萃取的影响.实验结果表明:在2.5 ～20.0 μg/L 范围内,20种有机氯农药呈良好的线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为0.008 ～0.118 μg/L,水样中分别添加2.5、20 μg/L的20种有机氯农药,回收率为 52% ～117%,相对标准偏差小于13%(n= 6).该方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,应用于实际样品检测,结果满意.     

固相萃取–气相色谱法测定海水中异狄氏剂含量的不确定度评定

采用末取代聚苯乙烯/二乙烯基苯(Cleanert PS)固相萃取–气相色谱法测定海水中异狄氏剂浓度,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定。分析了测量程序中不确定度的各项来源,包括样品采集、标准溶液制备、校准曲线回归、前处理方法、样品回收率等引入的不确定度及其计算方法,最后合成得标准不确定度。当海水中异狄氏剂含量为2.9ng/L时,扩展不确定度为0.17 ng/L(k=2)。实验结果表明,标准校准曲线引入的不确定度对测量结果的影响最大。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取金线莲中的腺苷

本文研究了超临界CO_2流体萃取金线莲中腺苷的方法。文中用光度法测定腺苷的含量,分别用单因素和正交设计试验对超临界CO_2流体萃取腺苷的条件进行优化。结果显示萃取腺苷的最佳条件为:温度55℃,压力37 MPa,静态萃取时间45 min,夹带剂为85%甲醇,夹带剂用量4 mL。在最佳萃取条件下,金线莲中腺苷的提取量为425.85μg·g~(-1)。     

水中氯苯类污染物的顶空液相微萃取 GC-MS法测定

研究了用顶空液相微萃取GC-MS法测定水中的痕量氯苯类有机污染物。通过实验选择正辛醇为萃取剂,考察了萃取剂的体积、萃取温度、萃取时间、搅拌速度、样品顶空体积以及盐效应等对萃取的影响。在最佳萃取和测定条件下,方法的线性范围为0.1~800μg/L,检出限(S/N=3)为0.05~0.1μg/L。用本方法测定了实际样品及回收率,结果满意。     

用GC/MS分析研究大同原煤及氧化煤的甲醇/四氢呋喃萃取物

为了研究氧化对煤样萃取性能的影响，先将大同煤破碎到200目并在105 ℃干燥，然后在温和条件下用双氧水进行氧化。将原煤和氧化煤在超声辐射下用甲醇/四氢呋喃(THF)混合溶剂进行萃取，并用GC/MS进行分析测定。结果发现，在两种甲醇/THF配比下，氧化煤的萃取率均高于原煤；而且随着萃取剂中THF浓度的提高，萃取率增大；从GC/MS测定结果看，四种萃取物的组成各不相同，显示氧化和萃取剂中THF含量的变化均能改变萃取物的化学组成，但四种萃取物中检测出的化合物均以烃类为主。另外，煤粉通过与萃取物和溶剂形成胶体而悬浮于上层清夜中，因此，超声条件下对煤进行萃取时必须过滤。     

离子液体-超声辅助-固相萃取法提取富集急性子药材中的4种凤仙萜四醇皂苷

建立了一种绿色、快速、高效萃取和富集中药急性子中4种凤仙萜四醇皂苷的方法。采用离子液体并结合超声辅助萃取急性子中的化学成分,利用固相萃取小柱富集提取液中的凤仙萜四醇皂苷。通过考察离子液体种类及用量、p H值、超声时间、固相萃取剂和洗脱剂等实验条件对提取率的影响,确立了最优萃取剂为[C6mim]Br,最优萃取条件:萃取剂用量为0.9 m L,提取液p H=7.0,超声为30 min,最优富集条件:固相萃取小柱填料为0.9 g CHP20/P120,上样流速为1.5 m L/min,洗脱剂为1.5 m L甲醇。在最优条件下,4种凤仙萜四醇苷加标回收率在92.1%~108.2%之间,相关系数范围为0.9945~0.9975,检出限范围为1.8~4.5μg/m L,RSD3.9%。本方法与传统回流提取方法提取效果接近,可准确测定急性子中4种凤仙萜四醇苷含量。     

聚乙二醇双水相萃取光度法测定铼

研究了聚乙二醇双水相体系中,金属离子络合物及萃取剂的光谱行为,研究了酸度、缓冲溶液用量、盐用量、萃取剂用量及表面活性剂对萃取铼的影响,并通过控制一定条件,可实现了混合离子的分离。     

银离子配位萃取银杏叶中多萜长链化合物的研究

本文建立了银杏叶中多萜长链化合物Ag⁺配位萃取方法，构筑了含Ag⁺配位萃取体系。研究了萃取剂极性、萃取温度、Ag⁺浓度等因素对分配比D的影响，分析测定了银杏叶聚戊烯醇(PPs)与Ag⁺的配位萃取比m，确定了配位萃取条件及解离条件。试验结果表明，所建立的含Ag+配位萃取剂用于分离浓缩聚戊烯类化合物选择性好、效率高，萃取剂再生方法简便。     

联苯-联苯醚混合萃取剂分散液液微萃取测定饮用水中挥发性卤代烃

以联苯-联苯醚混合物为萃取剂,建立了分散液液微萃取-气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定饮用水中7种挥发性卤代烃的方法。此萃取剂为无卤素萃取剂,密度大于水,可通过离心分离,萃取过程可在3 min内完成。对萃取剂用量、分散剂种类及用量、萃取时间、萃取温度等条件进行了优化。5.00 m L水样用200μL萃取剂和0.30 m L分散剂(甲醇)的混合物进行萃取,室温下萃取30 s,7种挥发性卤代烃的萃取率≥90%,富集倍率为22.5~24.7。萃取液经DB-624毛细管柱分离,用电子捕获检测器定量检测,检出限为0.003~0.032μg/L。检测三氯甲烷的线性范围为0.500~100.0μg/L,三氯乙烯和三溴甲烷的线性范围为0.100~20.0μg/L,四氯化碳、四氯乙烯、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷的线性范围为0.050~10.0μg/L。在上述线性范围内,工作曲线的相关系数≥0.998。方法的相对标准偏差在2.1%~7.6%之间,加标回收率在93.0%~102.9%之间。     

Supercritical fluid extraction for the separation of organochlorine pesticides residue in Angelica sinensis

A method involving the simultaneous extraction and separation of 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Angelicae sinensis was developed using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The pesticides in the study were alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-benzene hexachloride, PCNB (pentachloro- nitrobenzene), PCA (pentachloroaniline), HEPT (heptachlor), MPCPS (methyl-pentachlorophenyl sulfide), pp'-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene], op'-DDT [1,1,1,-trichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane], pp'-DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane], and pp'-DDT [1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethane]. The extraction conditions were optimized as follows: pure CO(2), extraction pressure 15 MPa, extraction temperature 60 degrees C, extraction time 20 min, and flow-rate 1.5 mL/min. A GC method with electron capture detection was employed to determine the OCPs in Angelicae sinensis. An HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of active constituents. The SFE provided high decontamination rate of OCPs and low loss of active constituents in Angelicae sinensis.     

Decontamination of organochlorine pesticides in Radix codonopsis by supercritical fluid extractions and determination by gas chromatography

A method involving depuration of 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Radix codonopsis was developed using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The pesticides investigated in the study included alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-benzene hexachloride, PCNB (pentachloro-nitrobenzene), PCA (pentachloroaniline), HEPT (heptachlor), MPCPS (methyl-pentachlorophenyl sulfide), pp'-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene], op'-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], pp'-DDD [1,1-dichloro-2-2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] and pp'-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane]. A series of experiments was conducted to optimize the final extraction conditions as follows: pure CO2, extraction pressure 15 MPa, extraction temperature 60 degrees C, extraction time 20 min and flow rate 55 mL/h. A GC method with electron capture detection was employed for the determination of the OCPs in Radix codonopsis. An HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of active constituents. SFE was used to remove the organochlorine pesticide from Radix codonopsis. The results showed that at least 93.5% of the organochlorine pesticide residues in the herb sample were removed by SPE, while 95.0% of the active constituent marker (atractylenoide III) remained.     

离线超临界流体萃取和气相色谱-红外-质谱联用测定水中有机污染物

 利用吸附剂ＧＤＸ－３０１对黄河水中的有机污染物富集并以超临界ＣＯ２脱附后，通过气相色谱、色谱－红外－质谱联用技术对各目标分析物逐一定性，并比较了超临界ＣＯ２萃取和溶剂洗脱的结果。实验表明，在２０ＭＰａ，６０℃，４０ｍｉｎ条件下进行超临界ＣＯ２萃取时的萃取效率和溶剂萃取效率相当或略高。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides from soil. Comparison with other extraction methods.

A comparison is made of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with two other techniques widely used for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in soil. Extraction conditions for the SFE of PCBs and pesticides were first determined. An experimental approach was set up to determine the influence of different extraction parameters such as pressure, extraction time, static and dynamic extraction, restrictor type and collection solvent for off-line SFE. The use of carbon dioxide at 50 degrees C and 20 MPa, 10 min static followed by 20 min dynamic extraction with collection in iso-octane were been found to be the optimum conditions. Two types of soil, with a low and high content of organic carbon, respectively, spiked with 16 PCBs and organochlorine pesticides with a wide range of volatility and polarity at a level of 5 ng/g dry matter, were used as test materials. Conventional solvent extraction gives a good extraction yield for soil with a low content of organic carbon, but for peat soil the recoveries decrease dramatically to 30% for DDE, DDT and PCB 138 and 153. The recoveries with Soxhlet extraction are good, but an extra clean-up step before analysis is necessary. SFE gives good extraction yields for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides, varying between 85 and 105% with a reproducibility of 5% for each component for both types of soil. SFE is a fast, clean and reproducible method for the extraction of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides from these two soil matrices.     

Comparison of supercritical fluid and Soxhlet extractions for the isolation of nitro compounds from soils

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO(2), a clean and rapid alternative to conventional Soxhlet extraction, was investigated for the extraction of nitro compounds from soil samples. Quantitative extraction by SFE was accomplished at a pressure of 25 MPa and an extraction temperature of 60 degrees C, for 30 min in dynamic mode and using acetonitrile as modifier, and the results were comparable with those obtained by acetonitrile Soxhlet extraction (3 h) for all soil samples. Extracts from these two procedures were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Quantitative reproducibility for SFE extracts was acceptable (RSD 2-10%), and the quantity of solvent was reduced from 160 mL for Soxhlet extraction to 5 mL in the case of SFE.     

小白菜中残留虫酰肼的超临界流体萃取条件的研究

 将超临界流体萃取(supercritical fluid extraction,SFE)技术与高效液相色谱分析相结合,建立了特异性杀虫剂虫酰肼的萃取分离方法。SFE对虫酰肼的萃取条件:压力48.3 MPa(7000 psi),温度60 ℃,静态萃取时间20 min,CO2体积10 mL,改性剂甲醇添加量0.04 mL/g,丙酮为收集溶剂。在此条件下,SFE对虫酰肼的萃取率为100.75%,所得样品可直接用于高效液相色谱分析。色谱条件：紫外-二极管阵列检测器(检测波长为245 nm),C18键合色谱柱,乙腈     

Monitoring the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrethroid Pesticides using Capillary Electrochromatography

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is reported for monitoring the extraction of the pyrethroid pesticides fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate by SFE using supercritical CO₂. The optimum SFE conditions obtained for the pyrethroid pesticides from spiked cellulose matrix, were for fenpropathrin 300 atm and 70°C, fenvalerate 300 atm and 60°C and for fluvalinate 200 atm and 75°C. Extracts collected in methanol were subjected to analysis by CEC on a 30 cm × 75 μm i.d. fused silica capillary packed with 5 μm Hypersil ODS (21 cm packed length). Electrochromatograms of the three pyrethroid pesticides were obtained in order of elution thiourea (as the EOF marker), fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate, with mobile phase ACN-25 mM NaH₂PO₄ pH 8.3 (85 : 15), voltage 25 kV, electrokinetic injection 5 kV, 3 sec and detection at 200 nm. The SFE recoveries were > 80% for all three solutes. In addition, enantioseparation of the pyrethroid pesticides was investigated using Me-β-CD and HP-β-CD as chiral additives. The enantioseparation of fenpropathrin was optimised to a methanol-25 mM Tris pH 8.3 mobile phase (75 : 25) containing 70 mM Me-β-CD.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of 2,4-D from soils using derivatization and ionic modifiers

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO(2), a clean and rapid alternative to conventional organic solvent extraction techniques, was investigated for the extraction of 2,4-D from soils using a variety of pre-extraction soil treatments to enhance extraction recoveries. Initial experiments with silylation, ion-pairing, methyl esterification, and ionic displacement are reported. Methyl esterification and ionic displacement during SFE proved to be the most promising approaches for quantitative extraction. Although the SFE procedures were not fully optimized, comparison between SFE and a standard Soxhlet extraction method demonstrated the potential for improving analytical measurement for highly polar pesticides in soil by modifying SFE-CO(2) extraction with derivatizing reagents and ionic solutions.     

Supercritical fluid extraction for pesticide multiresidue analysis in honey: determination by gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass spectrometry detection

An analytical procedure using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection was developed to determine simultaneously residues of different pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphorus, organonitrogen and pyrethroid) in honey samples. Fortification experiments were conducted to test conventional extraction (liquid-liquid) and optimize the extraction procedure in SFE by varying the CO2-modifier, temperature, extraction time and pressure. Best efficiency was achieved at 400 bar using acetonitrile as modifier at 90 degrees C. For the clean-up step, Florisil cartridges were used for both methods LLE and SFE. Recoveries for majority of pesticides from fortified samples of honey at fortification level of 0.01-0.10 mg/kg ranged 75-94% from both methods. Limits of detection found were less than 0.01 mg/kg for ECD and confirmation of pesticide identity was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected-ion monitoring mode. The multiresidue methods in real honey samples were applied and the results of developed methods were compared.     

Supercritical fluid extraction and clean-up of organochlorine pesticides in Chinese herbal medicine

A method involving the simultaneous extraction and clean-up of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) was developed using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection and mass spectrometric confirmation. The pesticides in the study consisted of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-benzene hexachloride, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, 4,4'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene), dieldrin, endrin, 4,4'-DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane), endosulfan II, 4,4'-DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane), endrin aldehyde, and endosulfan sulfate. A series of experiments was conducted to optimize the final extraction conditions [pure CO2, 250 atm extraction pressure (1 atm = 101,325 Pa), 50 degrees C extraction temperature, 5 min static extraction time, 20 min dynamic extraction time, 2.0-g Florisil sorbent on top of 0.1-g samples, 12-ml n-hexane eluting at 1 ml/min, and a 10-ml extraction vessel]. Florisil sorbent was placed with the sample in the SFE vessel to provide a facile and effective clean-up approach. Mean recoveries of 78-121% with reproducibilities of 5-31% were obtained for the pesticides except for endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate and endrin aldehyde. The simple and rapid method may be used to determine OCPs in CHMs routinely, and in fact, was used to analyze CHMs sold in Taiwan.