不同氧化程度氧化石墨烯的制备及湿敏性能研究

基于氧化石墨烯具有多种含氧官能团和极大的比表面积,研究了不同氧化程度氧化石墨烯的湿敏性能。采用改进的Hummers法制备不同氧化程度的氧化石墨,经过超声分散制备氧化石墨烯水相分散液后,制成氧化石墨烯薄膜湿敏元件。采用X射线衍射、原子力显微镜、红外光谱、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱对实验样品的结构和谱学特性进行表征。结果表明:石墨经氧化后,底面间距增大为0.9 nm左右;随氧化剂用量的增加,氧化石墨中石墨的衍射峰逐渐消失,石墨相微晶尺寸逐渐减小,O/C原子比逐渐增大,氧化程度逐渐升高;氧化石墨烯在水相分散液中可达单层分散,单层氧化石墨烯厚度约为1.3 nm;氧化石墨烯表面接有-OH、C-O-C、C=O和COOH官能团,且官能团含量随氧化程度的升高而增大;氧化石墨烯薄膜元件在室温下对湿度的响应时间约3 s,灵敏度达99%;在11.3%-93.6%相对湿度范围内,元件的电阻随湿度升高显著减小,较高氧化程度的氧化石墨烯薄膜的电阻对数与相对湿度呈线性变化;氧化程度越高,元件灵敏度越高,响应时间越短。     

石墨烯薄膜的制备和结构表征

采用氧化还原法制备了石墨烯胶状悬浮液, 通过真空抽滤获得了石墨烯薄膜. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、拉曼(Raman)光谱、粒度分析和扫描探针显微镜(SPM)等研究了石墨烯薄膜制备过程中各阶段产物的晶体结构、粒度及分子光谱特征变化. FTIR分析结果表明, 石墨在氧化过程中结构层键合大量含氧官能团, 还原后结构层表面仍残存有部分稳定的含氧官能团. XRD结果表明, 石墨氧化后衍射峰向小角度偏移、宽化, 原有石墨峰消失. 在成膜过程中氧化石墨烯形成凝聚体,而石墨烯形成絮凝体. 粒度分析和SPM测试分析结果表明, 氧化石墨烯在水中粒径分布呈拖尾峰形, 分布范围较宽. 石墨烯在水中的粒径成单峰分布, 分布范围较窄、对称性较好且平均粒径较小. Raman测试结果表明, 石墨在氧化和还原过程中, D、G峰逐渐宽化, I_D/I_G逐渐增强, 样品无序度增加. 在以上分析的基础上对石墨烯制备过程的结构特征进行了归纳总结.     

球磨辅助氧化还原法制备石墨烯

本文利用天然石墨作为原材料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨(GO)。首先将氧化石墨在低能球磨机中球磨10 h,然后超声剥离得到氧化石墨烯。最后利用水合肼作为还原剂,通过磁力搅拌回流反应得到石墨烯。利用SEM,AFM,XRD,Raman,FTIR,TEM对所制备的石墨烯的形貌和结构进行表征。同时将经低能球磨制备的石墨烯与未经低能球磨制备的石墨烯进行比较,分析了在不同工艺条件下制备的石墨烯的效果。结果表明低能球磨有利于减薄氧化石墨,促进氧化石墨的剥离。并且有利于氧化石墨的还原,从而缩短回流还原反应时间,提高了制备石墨烯的效率。     

还原温度对氧化石墨官能团、结构及湿敏性能的影响

基于氧化石墨具有多种官能团,研究了还原温度对氧化石墨结构及湿敏性能的影响。在不同温度下,对改进Hummers法制备的高氧化程度氧化石墨薄膜进行了还原,制备了不同温度条件下还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件。采用FTIR、XRD和Raman对实验样品的官能团及结构变化属性进行表征分析。结果表明:石墨被氧化后,碳原子结构层上接入-OH、环氧基、C=O和COOH官能团,底面间距增大至0.908 4 nm;利用热还原法制备石墨烯的过程中,随着还原温度的升高,氧化石墨官能团逐渐热解,石墨化区域逐渐恢复但其相对尺寸减小,缺陷增多,氧化石墨的底面间距沿c轴方向由0.908 4 nm逐渐减小到0.450 1nm;且不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜的电阻从10.32 MΩ减小至41.1Ω。在11.3%~93.6%相对湿度范围内,不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件的电阻随湿度升高而显著减小;氧化石墨还原程度越高,响应时间越长,脱附时间越短;150℃还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件具有最佳的湿敏性能。     

还原温度对氧化石墨官能团、结构及湿敏性能的影响

基于氧化石墨具有多种官能团,研究了还原温度对氧化石墨结构及湿敏性能的影响。在不同温度下,对改进Hummers法制备的高氧化程度氧化石墨薄膜进行了还原,制备了不同温度条件下还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件。采用FTIR、XRD和Raman对实验样品的官能团及结构变化属性进行表征分析。结果表明：石墨被氧化后,碳原子结构层上接入-OH、环氧基、C=O和COOH官能团,底面间距增大至0.9084nm;利用热还原法制备石墨烯的过程中,随着还原温度的升高,氧化石墨官能团逐渐热解,石墨化区域逐渐恢复但其相对尺寸减小,缺陷增多,氧化石墨的底面间距沿c轴方向由0.9084nm逐渐减小到0.4501nm;且不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜的电阻从10.32MΩ减小至41.1Ω。在11.3%~93.6%相对湿度范围内,不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件的电阻随湿度升高而显著减小;氧化石墨还原程度越高,响应时间越长,脱附时间越短;150℃还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件具有最佳的湿敏性能。     

一种可分散性石墨烯的制备

先通过γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-550)与氧化石墨反应得到改性氧化石墨, 再经水合肼还原制备了改性石墨烯. 未烘干的改性石墨烯经超声处理后, 可稳定分散于体积比为9∶1的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水或丙酮/水的混合溶液中, 而且在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水体系中超声得到的改性石墨烯分散液可在乙醇、丙酮中稳定存在. 采用红外光谱、X光电子能谱及X射线衍射分析等手段研究了KH-550改性氧化石墨及石墨烯的结构. 结果表明, KH-550上的氨基与氧化石墨的羧基反应生成了酰胺键, 与环氧基发生了加成反应, 干燥的改性石墨烯层间通过Si-O-Si键连接在一起.     

电位调控制备还原氧化石墨烯的电催化性能研究

本文通过控制电位还原氧化石墨烯,可控制备不同含氧官能团的石墨烯纳米材料。以多巴胺、[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)、NADH为电活性探针,研究了石墨烯表面含氧官能团、缺陷、表面荷电性质以及导电性等对石墨烯电催化性能的影响。研究发现,低还原程度的氧化石墨烯表面含有大量缺陷和丰富的官能团,能够促进多巴胺自催化反应,也有利于K_3[Fe(CN)_6]在电极表面的电子转移;随着氧化石墨烯还原程度提高,其导电性逐渐得到改善,且其表面官能团和缺陷位点数量逐渐减少,对NAD~+的吸附变弱,因而能促进NADH发生电催化氧化。     

氢溴酸可控还原氧化石墨烯及氢气气敏性能

采用改进的Hummers法对石墨进行氧化处理制备大片径氧化石墨,经超声分散获得一定浓度的氧化石墨烯样品,并将其与氢溴酸水浴加热反应进行化学还原处理,改变氢溴酸的添加量,从而获得不同还原程度的氧化石墨烯样品。用AFM、 XRD、FT-IR、XPS及气敏测试仪对样品薄膜厚度、结构、官能团等变化规律及氢气气敏特性进行测试表征与分析。      

KH-570功能化石墨烯的制备与表征

采用Hummers法对天然石墨进行氧化处理制备了氧化石墨烯,通过γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷与氧化石墨烯反应得到功能化氧化石墨烯,然后在水合肼的作用下制备了功能化石墨烯。未烘干的功能化石墨烯在超声处理下,能稳定分散在体积比为9∶1(V/V)的乙醇/水、丙酮/水或N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水的混合溶剂中。用傅立叶变换红外光谱、原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱及X射线衍射对样品结构、形貌进行了分析。结果表明,KH-570上的硅氧烷与氧化石墨烯上的羟基发生了反应,经水合肼还原后,功能化石墨烯的无序度增加,层间距也比功能化氧化石墨烯的缩小了。功能化石墨烯在DMF/水中呈高度剥离状态,片层厚度为1.1～2.3 nm。     

浓硫酸脱水还原制备石墨烯及其电容性能

利用浓硫酸的脱水性能,在低温下快速处理氧化石墨烯得到硫酸脱水还原石墨烯材料。研究了不同处理方法对材料结构和电容性能的影响。结果表明:一步浓硫酸脱水法对氧化石墨烯的还原效果和水合肼相当;经过稀硫酸开环预处理后,浓硫酸(70℃,30 min)对氧化石墨烯表面含氧官能团的脱除效果更加明显。两步硫酸脱水还原法得到样品的还原程度更高,堆积层数少;形成的石墨微晶区域的数量多,尺寸小。电容测试结果表明,对比于传统的水合肼还原法,浓硫酸脱水法得到的石墨烯材料有更好的电化学性能;两步浓硫酸脱水法得到石墨烯电极材料的比电容为321.8 F·g-1,经1000次循环伏安测试后,电容保持率为89.7%。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.