金红石/锐钛矿混晶结构的TiO2薄膜光催化活性

采用磁控溅射法制备出一组金红石/锐钛矿混晶结构的纳米TiO2薄膜催化剂,并通过光催化降解苯酚实验考察该薄膜的催化性能.光催化实验证明,随着催化剂中金红石含量减少,催化剂的光催化活性逐渐提高.X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、表面光电压谱(SPS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)结果表明,催化剂为金红石和锐钛矿混晶结构,并随着金红石含量减少,催化剂的表面羟基(OH)和桥氧(-O-)的含量逐渐增加,而且费米能级逐渐提高.表面羟基和桥氧是有利于光催化的"活性物种";费米能级的提高使TiO2/H2O界面处TiO2的表面带弯增大,导致了价带光生空穴参加光催化反应的几率增大,有效地促进了光生载流子的分离;这些因素是催化剂光催化活性逐渐提高的主要原因.     

金红石/锐钛矿混晶结构的TiO2薄膜光催化活性

采用磁控溅射法制备出一组金红石/锐钛矿混晶结构的纳米TiO2薄膜催化剂,并通过光催化降解苯酚实验考察该薄膜的催化性能. 光催化实验证明, 随着催化剂中金红石含量减少, 催化剂的光催化活性逐渐提高. X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、表面光电压谱(SPS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)结果表明, 催化剂为金红石和锐钛矿混晶结构, 并随着金红石含量减少, 催化剂的表面羟基(OH)和桥氧(—O—)的含量逐渐增加, 而且费米能级逐渐提高. 表面羟基和桥氧是有利于光催化的“活性物种”; 费米能级的提高使TiO2/H2O 面处TiO2的表面带弯增大, 导致了价带光生空穴参加光催化反应的几率增大, 有效地促进了光生载流子的分离; 这些因素是催化剂光催化活性逐渐提高的主要原因.     

Fe掺杂对纳米TiO2薄膜的结构与光催化性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Fe掺杂的TiO2薄膜,利用X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射技术、显微共聚焦拉曼光谱、紫外可见光谱和原子力显微镜等对薄膜进行表征,以甲基橙为反应模型对光催化活性进行测试。 结果表明,在300~600 ℃焙烧时,TiO2以锐钛矿结构存在,700 ℃焙烧时出现金红石结构。 随掺铁量和焙烧温度的增加,Fe/TiO2薄膜的表面粗糙度和晶粒尺寸均逐渐增大;随镀膜层数的增加,Fe/TiO2薄膜光谱吸收向可见光方向移动;较低含量的铁掺杂改善了TiO2薄膜的光催化活性,而较高含量的铁掺杂则使TiO2薄膜的光催化活性下降,掺铁量为0.1%时Fe/TiO2薄膜的光催化活性最好。     

纳米TiO2混晶的形成及其对光催化性能的影响

用溶胶-凝胶法通过改变晶型调节剂2-甲基-2,4戊二醇的添加量制备了金红石相和锐钛矿相比例不同的纳米TiO2混晶.以膨胀珍珠岩为载体,制备珍珠岩负载纳米TiO2混晶催化剂,以X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-visiblespectrum)、BET、Raman光谱等方法对纳米TiO2混晶和负载型纳米TiO2催化剂进行表征和性能测定,研究了催化剂的混晶效应对光催化降解甲基橙催化性能的影响.结果表明:晶型调节剂的含量及制备条件对混晶中金红石和锐钛矿相TiO2的比率有较大的影响.对于负载型纳米TiO2催化剂,混晶比影响催化剂的光催化降解效率,当混晶比为6.1时光催化效率最高,这一结果对光催化剂的制备和应用都具有重要的意义.     

可见光响应的氯掺杂TiO2的制备、表征及其光催化活性

 采用HCl水解钛酸四丁酯制备了可见光响应的氯掺杂TiO2光催化剂,并用X射线衍射线、透射电子显微镜、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱等测试手段对其结构进行了表征. 结果表明,氯元素的引入降低了无定形相向锐钛矿转变以及锐钛矿向金红石相转变的温度. 300 ℃焙烧的氯掺杂TiO2吸收波长拓展到可见光区,且XPS证实氯元素以阴离子形式存在于TiO2晶格中. 苯酚降解实验表明, 在大于400 nm的可见光照射下, 300 ℃焙烧的氯掺杂TiO2具有最佳的光催化活性, 120 min时苯酚的降解率达到42.5%.     

镧系离子掺杂TiO2的制备及其对咪唑降解反应的光催化活性

 以TiCl4和镧系元素的氯化盐溶液为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同含量镧系离子掺杂的TiO2光催化剂,用X射线衍射(XRD)、 光致发光光谱(PLS)、 表面光电压谱(SPS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行了表征. XRD结果表明,样品为锐钛矿和金红石的混晶相,镧系离子未进入到TiO2晶格中. PLS和SPS测定结果表明,随着掺杂离子的不同和掺杂含量的不同,样品的谱强度呈现有规律的变化. 在紫外光照射下,以咪唑为目标降解物比较了催化剂的光催化活性. 结果表明,适当含量的镧系离子掺杂可有效促进TiO2表面光生载流子的分离,从而显著提高其光催化活性.     

尿素作为添加剂低温制备高活性的TiO2光催化剂

以钛酸丁酯为原料,尿素作为添加剂,在酸性水溶液中室温制备了稳定透明的TiO2水溶胶。经过300℃低温焙烧2 h,得到了由锐钛矿和金红石组成的TiO2混晶。用XRD、FT-IR对催化剂进行了表征。以甲基橙为降解对象研究了TiO2的光催化活性,实验结果显示所制备的TiO2具有比Degussa P25更高的催化活性,15m in后的降解率达到了78%(P25,58%)。考察了尿素添加量以及焙烧温度对TiO2催化性能的影响,当尿素与钛酸丁酯物质的量之比为3∶1,300℃下焙烧2 h为较适宜的催化剂制备条件。初步探讨了尿素作为添加剂在低温制备高活性TiO2过程中的作用。     

Pt-TiO2/CeO2-MnO2复合催化剂光热降解气相苯

 用溶胶-凝胶法制备Ce-Mn储氧材料,并于该储氧材料上分别负载光催化剂TiO2 和贵金属Pt制备出Pt-TiO2/CeO2-MnO2复合催化剂. 用X射线衍射、 X射线能谱分析、程序升温还原和漫反射紫外-可见光谱等技术对复合催化剂进行了表征,并以光热催化降解气相苯评价了复合催化剂的活性. 结果表明, Mn分别进入到TiO2和CeO2的晶格中形成固溶体; Pt均匀分散在复合催化剂表面; Ce-Mn储氧材料在250 ℃下具有较好的储氧性能; 复合催化剂对紫外及可见光的吸收较强; 1.6%Pt-40%TiO2/CeO2-MnO2复合催化剂的活性较高,光热催化10 h时,苯降解率可达94.5%.     

Co掺杂对TiO2光催化剂结构与性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Co掺杂的TiO2粉末, 利用透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见光谱和X射线衍射技术对粉末进行了表征, 并利用环形光催化反应器对其光催化活性进行了测试. 结果表明, 随焙烧温度的增加, Co/TiO2粉末的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大, 升至873 K时, 钴元素以CoTiO3形式从TiO2中析出, 同时TiO2由锐钛矿型向金红石型发生转变, 相转变过程中晶格常数a和c以及晶胞体积发生收缩. 掺杂钴以后, 粉末的光谱吸收范围被拓展至可见光, 但是其光催化活性却明显降低.     

铬和硫共掺杂二氧化钛催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,硝酸铬和硫脲为掺杂离子给体,通过溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了纯TiO2、不同浓度的铬掺杂和铬/硫共掺杂TiO2光催化剂.以靛红为目标污染物,进行了可见光催化降解活性测试实验.结果表明,共掺杂催化剂的活性高于未掺杂和单掺杂催化剂.当共掺杂催化剂含0.60%(原子比)的铬,1.2%(原子比)的硫,焙烧温度为500℃时具有最高的光催化降解活性.X射线衍射、N2吸附、X射线光电子能谱和紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱表征结果显示,共掺杂催化剂为锐钛矿型,具有较高的比表面积,对可见光有较强的吸收能力.共掺杂TiO2具备较高可见光催化活性的原因可能是铬掺杂降低了TiO2的禁带宽度,拓展了可见光吸收区域,而硫掺杂能够维持体系的电荷平衡,增强催化剂对可见光的吸收.     

Solvent extraction separation of In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/ with sulphoxides

Solvent extraction studies have been made on some metals: In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/, from ammonium thiocyanate solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides. Separation of these metals from one another can be achieved by suitable choice of the extracted conditions. The nature of the extractable metal species has been elucidated.     

Synthesis of chlorobis/β-diketonato/oxotechnetium/V/ and tris/β-diketonato/technetium/III/ complexes

Chlorobis/-diketonato/ oxotechnetium/V/ complexes [TcOCl/-dik/₂, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane] were newly synthesized using macroamount of⁹⁹Tc. These complexes were further separated into geometrical isomers. Furthermore, an improvement of the yields for the syntheses of tris/-dike-tonato/technetium/III/ complexes [Tc/-dik/₃, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone] was examined using Tc/III/-thiourea complexes as a starting material.     

Crystal structure of Na3PO4 · 12H2O

The crystal structure of trisodium monophosphate hemihydrate was determined. The space group is $\text{C2}\text{c}$ and a unit cell contains eight formula units. The unit cell dimensions of $\text{Na}{}_3\text{PO}{}_4\text{·}\text{1}\text{2}\text{H}{}_2\text{O}$ are a = 9.631(3), b = 5.416(2), c = 16.938(8) Å, β = 102.60(5)°. The final R value is 0.027 for a set of 1430 independent reflections. This atomic arrangement is mainly a three-dimensional network of distorted NaO₆ octahedra. The hydrogen bonding scheme is given.     

Simultaneous propane dehydrogenation andco2hydrogenation overCrOx/SiO2catalyst

Summary Single reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂(DH-CO₂) reactions in the presence and absence of the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst have been studied between 673 and 873 K. It was found that the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst is active both in the dehydrogenation of propane and in the RWGS reactions. The obtained results suggest that the dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence of CO₂on CrO_x/SiO₂can be facilitated by the RWGS reaction.</o:p>     

An investigation of the promotional effect of propylene or propane traces on the activity of sulfatedPt/g-Al2O3andPt-Sn/g-Al2O3inCH4combustion

Summary A strong promoting effect of the presence of C₃H₈or C₃H₆was determined for the combustion of CH₄in excess oxygen, over pre-sulfated 1%Pt/g-Al₂O₃and pre-sulfated 1%Pt-2%Sn/g-Al₂O₃catalysts.</o:p>     

A study of the spinel materials LiTi2O4 and Li43Ti53O4 by photoelectron spectroscopy

HeI-excited valence-band ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and MgKα-excited Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectra are reported for the spinel materials LiTi₂O₄ and $\text{Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Ti}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{O}{}_4$. The presence of a Fermi edge in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ confirms the metallic nature of this material, although the measured density of states at the Fermi energy is much lower than that expected from an independent-electron interpretation of the magnetic susceptibility. This difference is attributed to a strong interaction of the conduction electrons with the lattice vibrations. The localization of conduction electrons that occurs in the final state in the Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ is attributed to a Coulomb interaction with a core hole.     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate ?from CH3OH AND CO2 by H3PW12O40/CexTi1-xO2 catalyst

Summary Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method, and applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ showed a better catalytic performance than the corresponding Ce_xTi_1-xO₂, due to the bifunctional catalysis of Br?nsted acid sites (provided by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and base sites (provided by Ce_xTi_1-xO₂). H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂ showed the highest catalytic performance among the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts.     

Oxygen defect K2NiF4-type oxides: The compounds La2−xSrxCuO4−x2+δ

Oxygen defect K₂NiF₄-type oxides $\text{La}{}_{\mathrm{2?x}}\text{Sr}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{CuO}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4?</mtext><mtext>x</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>+\delta </mtext>}}$ have been synthesized for a wide composition range: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. From the X-ray and electron diffraction study three domains have been characterized: orthorhombic compounds with La₂CuO₄ structure for 0 ≤ x < 0.10, tetragonal oxides similar to LaSrCuO₄ for 0.10 ≤ x < 1 and several superstructures derived from the tetragonal cell ( with n = 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 6) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. The compounds corresponding to 0 < x < 1 differ from the other oxides in that they are characterized by the presence of copper with two oxidation states: + 2 and + 3. A model structure for La_0.8Sr_1.2CuλO_3.4, in which copper has only the + 2 oxidation state, and for which the actual cell is tegragonal—a = 18.80₄ Å and c = 12.94 Å—has been established. The particular structural evolution of these compounds is discussed in terms of a competition between the capability of Cu(II) to be oxidized to Cu(III) and the ordering of oxygen vacancies.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ti1−2xNbxNixO2−x/2 solid solutions

Doped-rutile has been traditionally used in ceramic pigments for its intense optical properties. In this paper, we compare the classical ceramic synthesis of Ti_1−2xNb_xNi_xO_2−x/2 system with the sol-gel methodology, which allows a reduction of the anatase-rutile transformation temperature. The composition was optimised in order to obtain a unique rutile phase with the minimum amount of pollutant Ni(II) and enhanced chromatic coordinates. Incorporation of the doping ions in the rutile structure was corroborated by XRD and Rietveld refinements. The species responsible for the colour mechanism were studied by different techniques. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed the characteristic features of Ni²⁺ ions, whose existence was corroborated by EPR and magnetic measurements. From these results, (Ni,Nb)doped-TiO₂ powder samples can be now shaped as thin films, monoliths, etc. by using sol-gel methodology without modifying their properties. This study introduces new possibilities of coloured TiO₂-based solid solutions in new combined advanced applications (colouring agent and photocatalyst, etc.).     

Carbon black and propylene oxidation over Ru/CoxMgyAl2Oz catalysts

The effects of Co_xMg_yAl₂O_z mixed oxides composition and ruthenium addition on the oxidation of propylene and carbon black (CB) were investigated. Different reactive cobalt and ruthenium oxide species were formed following calcination at 600 °C. The addition of ruthenium was beneficial for the CB oxidation under “loose contact” conditions and for propylene oxidation when the cobalt content was intermediate to low. The calculated activation energy for CB oxidation was decreased from 151 kJ mol⁻¹ for the uncatalyzed reaction to 111 kJ mol⁻¹ over the best catalyst.