中孔分子筛负载钴催化剂制备及其在费-托合成中的催化性能

 以HMS,MCM－41,AlHMS和ZrO2／HMS等中孔分子筛为载体,采用孔体积浸渍法制备了系列负载型钴催化剂．XRD测定结果表明,Co氧化物完全分散于分子筛内表面,载体仍保持中孔分子筛的特征;低温N2吸附测定结果表明,表面负载金属钴后,分子筛的比表面积和孔体积下降,孔径减小,孔壁增厚．比较了不同中孔分子筛负载Co催化剂在F－T反应中的催化性能,以短程六角对称的HMS为载体,有利于F－T反应中的链增长,烃类产物主要为微晶蜡;以ZrO2／HMS为载体可抑制CH4的生成,提高C5＋的选择性．     

新型钴基介孔分子筛催化剂F-T合成性能和烃分布研究

采用介孔分子筛MSU－1，SBA－12和HMS为载体，制得含钴质量分数为15％的催化剂。在原料气V（H2）／V（CO）＝2．0，T＝473－513K,p=2.0MPa,GHSV=500H^-1的F－T合成条件下，反应活性依Co/HMS,Co/SBA-12,Co/MSU-1顺序降低，高碳烃（C19^ )选择性以Co/HMS最低；Co/MSU-1和Co／SBA-12催化剂介孔结构在反应中相对稳定，Co/HMS介孔结构在反应后完全塌陷。     

Fe－Mn催化剂对F－T合成反应的催化性能Ⅰ．初期反应性能

 在固定床积分反应器中，对Fe－Mn催化剂上F－T合成反应的初期反应性能进行了一系列条件实验，考察了在不同温度、压力、原料气H2／CO比和空速下催化剂的催化性能．结果表明，该催化剂运行200h后，仍显示出较高的催化活性和稳定性，对低碳烯烃和C5＋烃具有较高的选择性，且C5＋烃的时空收率较高．在n（H2）／n（CO）＝1，GHSV＝6000h－1，p＝2．02MPa和θ＝300℃的条件下，CO转化率可达74．1％，总有效烃（C＝2～4＋C5＋）的选择性可达88．6％，甲烷选择性为6．7％，C5＋烃的时空收率为0．54g／（ml·h）．     

中孔分子筛负载的钴基催化剂F-T合成反应研究

以中孔分子筛HMS-2为载体,浸渍法制香钴质量分数为15.00%的钴基催化剂,F-T合成反应研究表明：载体焙烧时间对F-T合成反应性能影响不大;Co/HMS-2催化剂的F-T合成反应在运行141.00h达到483.00K后,在H2/CO摩尔比为2.00,压力2.00MPa,空速500.00h^-1反应条件下,CO转化率达到88.00%,烃选择性保持在98.00%左右,烃分布中C5^+含量可达85.00%左右,进一步运转了384.00h,CO转化率仅下降了9.00%,而烃选择性和烃分布几乎不变,说明Co/HMS-2催化剂F-T合成反应性能和稳定性优异。载体中孔结构在473.00K催化剂开始F-T合成反应24.00h后已经塌陷,随后催化剂结构趋于稳定。     

膜反应器中Ni-Cu催化剂上CO加氢合成乙烯的研究

 将硅藻土－TiO2－聚乙烯（或聚丙烯）疏水复合膜反应器应用于\r\nCO加氢合成乙烯的反应过程，以Ni－Cu／TiSiO和Ni－Cu／MgSiO为催化\r\n剂，考察了反应温度、空速和进料组成等因素对CO转化率和乙烯选择性\r\n的影响．结果表明：膜催化反应的产物与常规催化反应相同，催化反应\r\n机理没有区别，在适宜条件下，膜催化反应的CO转化率和乙烯选择性较\r\n之常规催化反应提高了10％左右，二氧化碳和甲烷的选择性降低，而乙\r\n烷的选择性略有增加．     

锌含量对Zn/HZSM-5催化剂性能的影响

 研究了不同锌含量的Zn／HZSM－5分子筛的表面酸性及其对正己\r\n烷芳构化反应的催化活性、选择性和稳定性．结果表明,锌组元的引入\r\n减少了HZSM－5表面的B酸,增加了L酸,总酸量增大;正己烷转化率随\r\n锌含量的增加先降低后升高;芳烃产率和芳构化选择性则随锌含量的增\r\n加先增大后趋于平缓;反应过程中催化剂的积炭速度、孔体积和比表面\r\n积下降速度都随着锌含量的增加而加快;锌含量大于1％时,Zn／HZSM\r\n－5的催化稳定性不如HZSM－5,且随着锌含量的增加失活速度加快．优\r\n选的锌含量为1．0％～2．9％．此外,讨论了Zn／HZSM－5的催化性能\r\n与其表面性质的关系．     

孔径对锆同构替代的Co/SBA-15催化剂费-托合成催化性能的影响

采用同构替代方法将锆掺杂进入SBA-15中孔分子筛的骨架中,通过控制合成条件合成出了锆硅摩尔比为1/20的具有四种不同孔径(5.7,7.8,11.6,17.6nm)的Zr-SBA-15中孔有序锆同构替代改性分子筛,并在该改性分子筛上负载质量分数为10%的钴制备出用于费-托合成的钴基催化剂.采用氮气吸附-脱附、XRD、H2-TPR、H2-TPD及氧滴定实验、TEM、29Si固体核磁共振光谱(29SiNMR)、XPS等手段对催化剂进行了表征,系统地研究了同构替代锆掺杂SBA-15分子筛孔径大小对钴基催化剂费-托合成催化活性和产物选择性的影响.同时也采用了原位X射线衍射技术考察了载体孔径对催化剂的还原性能的影响,并结合催化剂的X光电子能谱表征结果进一步讨论了孔径对钴-载体相互作用的影响,为孔径对催化剂的活性以及产物选择性的影响作出了合理的解释.研究结果表明:随着孔径增加,SBA-15中孔分子筛的二维六方有序结构逐渐破坏,催化剂的比表面积下降,钴-载体相互作用降低,钴的晶粒直径增大,催化剂的还原性增加,C5+选择性增加,CO转化率先升高后降低,孔径为7.8nm的催化剂具有更好的费-托合成催化活性,这是催化剂比表面积和...     

异戊二烯催化脱氢环氧化的研究

 合成了钼－乙酰丙酮配合物，并进行了表征，确定了其组成为M\r\noO2（acac）2．以MoO2（acac）2为催化剂，以过氧化氢为氧化剂，对\r\n异戊二烯一步脱氢环氧化制3－甲基呋喃反应进行了研究．考察了反应\r\n条件（催化剂用量、反应底物之比、温度、时间、溶剂和助剂等）对该\r\n反应的影响．结果表明，在n（cat）∶n（CH2∶C（CH3）CH∶CH2）∶\r\nn（H2O2）＝1∶100∶100，θ＝40℃，t＝6h的反应条件下，异戊二烯\r\n转化率为70．8％，3－甲基呋喃选择性为54．8％．提出了异戊二烯脱\r\n氢环氧化可能的反应机理．     

非均相催化一步合成碳酸二苯酯的研究 Ⅰ.载体制备方法对催化剂性能的影响

 采用溶胶－凝胶法、共沉淀法和冷冻干燥法，制备了LaxMnyPbz\r\nO复合型金属氧化物载体，并以PdCl2或Na2PdCl4的水溶液为浸渍液，通\r\n过浸渍方法制得固相催化剂，用于一步合成碳酸二苯酯．用XRD，TEM及\r\nSEM对载体及催化剂进行了表征．结果表明，三种载体的主要物相皆为\r\nLa0．3Mn0．5PbO，溶胶－凝胶法制得的载体及催化剂的粒径分布较好\r\n，空隙率较大，活性组分分散度较高；溶胶－凝胶法制得的催化剂的催\r\n化性能较好，碳酸二苯酯选择性可高于99．5％．     

Fe－Mn催化剂对F－T合成反应的催化性能Ⅱ．中后期反应性能

 采用固定床积分反应器，详细考察了F－T合成反应用Fe－Mn催化剂运行900和1800h后的中后期反应性能．结果表明，该催化剂仍维持着较高的催化活性及稳定性；与初期反应性能相比，运行900h后CH4选择性有明显升高的趋势，运行1800h后CH4选择性进一步升高．运行2200h后，通过降低原料气的H2／CO比和提高反应压力，可明显改善烃产物的选择性．在n（H2）／n（CO）＝0．62，GHSV＝2300h－1，p＝3．02MPa和θ＝283℃的条件下，CO转化率可达75．6％，总有效烃（C＝2～4＋C＋5）的选择性可达89．0％，CH4选择性为5．7％．这表明该催化剂具有良好的可操作性，且特别适合于由煤制合成气制液体燃料和C2～4低碳烯烃，在浆态床反应器中有潜在的应用前景．     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。