原位微区同步辐射X射线荧光和近边吸收谱研究铅耐受细菌吸附-转化铅机理

为了从微观水平研究细菌生物吸附及转化铅机理,利用原位微区同步辐射X射线荧光(μ-SRXRF)及X射线吸收近边结构谱( XANES)研究云南兰坪铅锌矿区农田土壤样品中筛选的铅耐受性细菌吸附铅的分布特征及铅形态转化规律。土壤中具有铅耐受性的菌株主要为Arthrobacter sp.属(节杆菌属),采用μ-SRXRF对其吸附铅的含量进行快速简单直接分析,部分细菌吸附铅的含量高达5925μg/g,富集系数达14.8。XANES结果表明,细菌吸附 Pb 后存在形态为 PbS、(C17 H35 COO)2Pb 和 Pb5(PO4)3Cl 分别占58.0％,22.2％和19.8％,与培养基本身以有机态为主的Pb形态有明显差异,表明培养基中铅被细菌吸附后有向硫化物转化的趋势,这为研究重金属生物有效性的影响因素提供了实验参考。     

基于同步辐射X射线荧光光谱和X射线吸收近边结构谱研究铅锌矿区浮萍中砷的耐受机制

水生植物浮萍能够富集高浓度的砷,是植物过滤修复技术的代表,其耐受机理备受关注.本研究利用同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, SRXRF)和X射线吸收近边结构谱(X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES)技术,开展了铅锌矿区天然富砷浮萍样品中砷元素的微区分布和形态特征研究.微区SRXRF分析了两个单片浮萍样品FP1和FP2,单点扫描时间分别为5 s和2 s,光斑尺寸分别为70 μm×80 μm和100 μm×100 μm;对FP2样品选择了6个位置进行了微区XANES单点形态分析,扫描的能量范围为11.81~11.96 keV;整体XANES形态分析是针对压片的浮萍样品,扫描的能量范围为11.67~12.27 keV.结果表明,浮萍样品整体和微区XANES数据均表明砷形态为As(Ⅲ);SRXRF微区分析发现浮萍中砷元素具有显著的叶脉分布特征,在一定浓度范围内,砷并不扩散到进行光合作用的叶肉中,有利于减轻砷对叶片的毒害作用,可能是浮萍耐受砷的一个保护机制.     

微束X射线荧光和X射线吸收近边结构谱分析云南某铅锌矿区苔藓中铅的分布和形态

苔藓对重金属胁迫具有良好耐受性和一定的积累能力.本研究采集并测定了铅锌矿区苔藓和苔下土壤中重金属元素含量,利用微束X射线荧光光谱(Micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, micro-XRF)测定了苔藓中重金属元素的分布,采用X射线吸收近边结构(X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES)分析了苔藓中Pb的元素形态.研究表明,矿区苔藓具有较强的Pb、Zn、Cd、As积累能力,Pb和Zn最高含量可达1.06和1.23 mg/g, Cd和As最高含量可达30.5和13.2 μg/g.苔藓地上部(尤其是新生组织)是苔藓吸收并积累重金属的主要部位;矿区采集的小灰藓和匍枝青藓中部分金属元素分布规律不同,反应了不同苔藓种属对金属元素的吸收、积累和耐受机制的差异.XANES结果显示,Pb在小灰藓中主要以Pb3(PO4)2形态存在(约78%),表明生成Pb3(PO4)2沉淀可能是苔藓对Pb的耐受机制之一.     

芹菜根细胞的超微结构与铅形态特征分析

植物细胞是植物响应重金属胁迫的重要生化反应场所,探索细胞层级中铅(Pb)的分布与形态转化是揭示有害元素对蔬菜毒性作用机理的重要途径。本研究以芹菜为例,利用能量色散透射电子显微镜(TEMEDS)和X射线吸收近边结构谱(XANES)技术,考察了Pb胁迫后芹菜根细胞的超微结构、元素分布和形态转化。研究发现,Pb胁迫显著改变了芹菜根细胞的超微结构,导致胞间间隙加大、细胞壁增厚和质膜变糙;芹菜根、茎和叶对Pb具有显著且不同的形态转化功能,可将无机铅(Pb(NO_3)_2)转化为有机铅形态;芹菜根细胞中62.7%的Pb以Pb_5(PO_4)_3Cl形态沉积在根细胞壁,根和茎中有机铅(Pb(Ac)_2·3H_2O)约占34.4%~37.3%,叶中总有机铅(Pb(C_(17)H_(35)COO)_2和Pb(Ac)_2·3H_2O)占63.3%。结果表明,芹菜细胞的Pb-磷酸盐来源于植物体的生物合成,而非外界根际环境,芹菜根际环境的Pb能够以Pb-Ac的络合物形式进入根细胞,一部分转化成Pb_5(PO_4)_3Cl沉积于细胞壁,实现Pb的解毒和耐受,少部分经茎长程运输至叶片以Pb-大分子有机酸/磷酸盐的形式贮存。     

铋(Ⅲ)、铅(Ⅱ)和钒(Ⅴ)极谱吸附波的研究

研究了铜铁试剂(CUP)-六次甲基四胺-HAc体系中,Bi(Ⅲ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和V(Ⅴ)的极谱波性质,建立了同时测定水中Bi(Ⅲ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和V(Ⅴ)的新方法。上述金属离子分别在-0.34V-、0.58V和-0.77V产生灵敏的极谱波。铋、铅和钒的浓度在1.0×10-6~3.0×10-8,3.0×10-6~1.0×10-7和5.0×10-7~1.0×10-8mol/L范围,分别与相应峰高呈线性关系,检出限分别为1.0×10-8、9.5×10-8、9.0×10-9mo1/L。该方法用于模拟试样中这些痕量元素的测定。     

丁二酮肟复合铋膜修饰电极测定痕量铅

目的：通过探讨缓冲溶液、 pH、丁二酮肟和镀铋液浓度、富集时间、富集电位对方波溶出伏安法测铅的影响,建立了一种快速测定水样痕量铅的新方法。方法采用丁二酮肟复合同位镀铋膜修饰铂电极,用方波溶出伏安法对水样中痕量铅进行测定。结果在优化的实验条件下,2.0＆#215;10-8～1.0＆#215;10-5 mol/L范围内Pb2＋峰电流与浓度呈良好的线性关系（ r≥0.9963）,富集时间为240 s时, Pb2＋的检出限为2＆#215;10-9 mol/L。结论该法操作简便、灵敏度高、检测限低,且样品经简单消解后即可直接用于测定,无需复杂的富集分离过程。与石墨炉原子吸收法比较,结果一致性较好,效果满意。     

基于石墨烯和蒽醌-2-磺酸钠的Pb2+核酸适体电化学传感器

构建了一种基于石墨烯(GR)-蒽醌化合物(AQMS)在核酸适体表面层层组装的Pb2+电化学传感器。将修饰有巯基的Pb2+核酸适体(apt)固定在金电极表面,然后利用GR与apt碱基之间的π-π作用,将GR吸附在apt修饰电极表面,并用于电活性分子AQMS的组装和电化学信号的放大。当目标分析物(Pb2+)存在时,Pb2+诱导apt转变为稳定的G-四联体结构,使得GR连同信号分子AQMS从电极表面脱落,电化学信号降低,从而实现对Pb2+的监测。结果表明,传感器对Pb2+具有很好的特异识别性,且Pb2+浓度在5.0×10!10~5.0×10!8mol/L的范围内,AQMS的峰电流变化值(ΔIpa)与Pb2+浓度对数(lgCPb2+)呈现良好的线性关系。根据3σ,计算得检出限达到6.0×10!11mol/L。     

土壤-温郁金体系中重金属的吸收富集研究

通过盆栽实验研究了铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、汞（Hg）和砷（As）污染条件下,温郁金和种植土壤中重金属含量,分析了植物对重金属的吸收富集能力。结果表明,随着土壤中污染物的投加量增强,Cu、Pb、Cd、As元素主要集中在根部,而Hg元素由于其极易挥发的特性,其块根中含量反而随着Hg投加量的增加而减小。温郁金对不同元素的吸收富集能力不同,对Cd的富集能力最强,对Hg的富集能力最弱。     

巯基功能化有机硅纳米颗粒修饰金电极的制备及对痕量铅的测定

以3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTS)为单一硅源,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)存在下,采用一步简单混合,较方便地制得均匀、小粒径的有机硅纳米颗粒。采用原子力显微镜(AFM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对有机硅纳米进行表征,测得粒径约为2.5 nm。通过自组装法将其固定在金电极表面,得到均匀、高巯基含量的有机硅纳米修饰电极。采用方波溶出伏安法(SWV),考察了CTMAB浓度、Bi3+浓度、支持电解质、pH值富集电位及富集时间等参数对铅溶出信号的影响。结果表明:在0.2 mol/L HAc-NaAc(pH 5.0)缓冲溶液中,-1.0V电位下富集10 min,Pb2+溶出峰电流与浓度分别在5.0～500×10-12mol/L;2.5～250×10-9 mol/L和250～1250×10-9 mol/L范围内呈线性关系,最低检出浓度为5.0×10-12mol/L。利用本方法测定了实际水样中铅的含量,并与原子荧光光谱法进行对比,结果一致。     

基于脱氢枞胺基希夫碱-多壁碳纳米管修饰电极测定铅

采用脱氢枞胺基希夫碱和多壁碳纳米管复合材料修饰玻碳电极,以循环伏安法和示差脉冲阳极溶出伏安法研究此修饰电极的导电性能,及Pb2+在此电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,修饰电极在0.2 mol/L HAc-NaAc缓冲体系(pH 5.5)中,于!1.1 V下沉积250 s,Pb2+在1.0×10!8~1.0×10!6mol/L范围内与溶出峰电流呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为I(μA)=6.6173C(μmol/L)+0.2597(R=0.9971),检出限为5.0×10!9mol/L(S/N=3)。将此修饰电极用于水样品中Pb2+检测,结果令人满意。本方法操作简便,耗时短,具有很好的准确性、灵敏度和选择性,实现了水样中低浓度铅的准确、快速测定。     

毛细管电泳应用于测定牛血清白蛋白与脂质体的相互作用

建立了一种用毛细管电泳法检测牛血清白蛋白(BSA)与脂质体相互作用的分析方法。氧化指数的测定实验结果表明经过冷冻干燥的脂质体稳定性更好;毛细管电泳表征脂质体的电荷性质实验结果表明脂质体在pH 5.0～8.0的条件下呈电中性。在pH 7.0的条件下,以各种浓度的脂质体混悬液为电泳缓冲液,以0.8%二甲亚砜(DMSO)为内标,随着缓冲液中脂质体质量浓度从0增加到2.4 mg/mL,BSA的有效淌度从-2.232×10-4 cm2·V－1·s－1变化到-3.046×10-4 cm2·V－1·s－1;结合Scatchard分析,测得BSA与脂质体的结合常数为2.522×103(g/mL)－1。该方法简单、快速,为研究蛋白质与脂质体的相互作用提供了新的技术手段。     

Phytochemical screening,total phenolic content and phytotoxic activity of corn (Zea mays) extracts against some indicator species

Allelopathic effects of corn (Zea mays) extracts was studied, against seed germination and seedling growth of Phalaris minor, Helianthus annuus, Triticumaestivum, Sorghum halepense, Z. mays. Bioassay results showed that aqueous extracts of corn root and shoot, markedly affected seed germination, and other parameters compared with related controls. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as tannins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids in both roots and shoot aqueous extracts. However, saponins were only present in the shoot aqueous extract, while in shoot ethanol extracts, only terpenoids and alkaloids were detected. Additionally, total polyphenolic (TPC) content in aqueous extracts of corn root and shoot, plus ethanol extracts of corn shoot were determined using an Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Results revealed TPC content of the corn shoot aqueous extract showed the highest yield, compared to other extracts. These findings suggest that phytochemicals present in Z. mays extracts may contribute to allelopathy effect.     

Silver nanoparticles fluorescence enhancement effect for determination of nucleic acids with kaempferol-Al(III)

Nucleic acids can greatly enhance fluorescence intensity of the kaempferol (Km)-Al(III) system in the presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Based on this, a novel method for the determination of nucleic acids is proposed. Under studied conditions, there are linear relationships between the extent of fluorescence enhancement and the concentration of nucleic acids in the range of 5.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ g mL⁻¹ for fish sperm DNA (fsDNA), 7.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ g mL⁻¹ for salmon sperm DNA (smDNA) and 2.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 3.0 × 10⁻⁶ g mL⁻¹ for yeast RNA (yRNA), and their detection limits are 2.5 × 10⁻⁹ g mL⁻¹, 3.2 × 10⁻⁹ g mL⁻¹ and 7.3 × 10⁻⁹ g mL⁻¹, respectively. Samples were satisfactorily determined. And the system of Km-Al(III)-AgNPs was used as a fluorescence staining reagent for sensitive DNA detection by DNA pattern of agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. The results indicate that the fluorescence enhancement should be attributed to the formation of Km-Al(III)-AgNPs-nucleic acids aggregations through electrostatic attraction and adsorption bridging action of Al(III) and the surface-enhanced fluorescence effect of AgNPs.     

杨树嫩茎质外体微透析液中K+,Na+,Ca2+的分析

采用微透析法获取3种杨树嫩茎质外体汁液的灌流液,流速1μL/min,探针截留分子量为30 kDa,无须处理直接通过原子吸收光谱(石墨炉法)测定样品中Na+,K+,Ca2+浓度,通过建立实时、无损检测离子浓度变化的实验技术,进行杨树生理生化的研究。此方法加标回收率在95.8%~103.1%之间。研究表明,吴屯杨、小胡杨和小美旱的Na+含量分别为1034~1156μg/L,1493~1611μg/L和1586~1703μg/L;K+含量分别为1012~1237μg/L,941~964μg/L和1095~1201μg/L;Ca2+含量分别为4976~5237μg/L,4786~5042μg/L和5893~6142μg/L,本方法为在植物应激反应中通过离子浓度变化来适应外界环境的研究提供可靠数据。     

Determination of fumaric and maleic acids with stacking analytes by transient moving chemical reaction boundary method in capillary electrophoresis

The paper presents an on-line transient moving chemical reaction boundary (MCRB) method for simply but efficiently stacking analytes in capillary electrophoresis (CE). The CE technique was developed for a rapid determination of fumaric and maleic acid. Based on the theory of MCRB, Effects of several important factors such as the pH and concentration of running buffer and the conditions of stacking analytes were investigated to acquire the optimum conditions. The optimized separations were carried out in a 20 mmol/L sulphate neutralized with ethylenediamine to pH 6.0 electrolytes using a capillary coated with poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and direct UV detection at 214 nm. The optimized preconcentrations were carried out in 50 mmol/L borax (pH 9.0). The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁷–1.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L and 5.0 × 10⁻⁷–1.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L for fumaric and maleic acid with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9991. The detection limits were 5.34 × 10⁻⁸ mol/L for fumaric acid and 1.92 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L for maleic acid. This method was applied for determination of fumaric acid in apple juice and of fumaric and maleic acid in dl-malic, the recovery tests established for real samples were within the range 95–105%. This work provided a valid and simple approach to detect fumaric and maleic acid.     

A new indirect method based on square-wave voltammetry for ceftiofur determination in bovine milk using an alkaline degradation product

In this paper we present a new electroanalytical method for determination of ceftiofur based on the hydrolysis of this antibiotic in 0.04 mol L⁻¹ Britton–Robinson buffer at pH 10 and 60 °C for 60 min (reduction peak at − 0.70 V). Conditions were optimized for complete hydrolysis and quantitative determination of ceftiofur in milk. The method can be successfully used for determination of the antibiotic directly from samples of fluid milk and powder milk spiked to concentrations of 6.0 × 10⁻⁸, 8.0 × 10⁻⁸, and 10 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹, respectively. Recovery test ranged from 98.28% to 100.83%. The limits of detection and quantification were 3.73 × 10⁻¹⁰ and 1.24 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹, respectively. The method has the advantage of eliminating interference from proteins present in the sample, thus obviating the need for exhaustive extraction, which often renders other procedures unfeasible in terms of time and reagent cost. In addition, waste generation was found to be lower than in other methods.     

Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions by Agave sisalana (sisal fiber)

The present work proposes the use of Agave sisalana (sisal fiber) as an natural adsorbent for ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) biosorption from natural waters. The flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used for quantitative determination and study of the ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption on the solid phase. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR) was used to investigate the sisal structure and the specific BET surface area was analyzed. The biosorption potential of sisal as biosorbent for the removal of the ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution was investigate considering the followings parameters: pH, biomass amount and contact time. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to evaluate adsorption behavior of the ions on this solid phase. The results showed that sisal has a surface area to adsorption of 0.0233 m² g^{− 1}, and the OH and CO functional groups are the main involved in the biosorption. The best interpretation for the experimental data was given by Freundlich isotherm that proposes a monolayer sorption with a heterogeneous energetic distribution of active sites, accompanied by interactions between sorbed molecules. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was found to be 1.85 mg g^{− 1} for Cd (II) and 1.34 mg g^{− 1} for Pb (II) at pH 7 and 296 K. This phase solid can be used for biosorption of cadmium and lead in polluted natural waters.     

CdSe quantum dots capped PAMAM dendrimer nanocomposites for sensing nitroaromatic compounds

The detection of nitroaromatic compounds, best known as raw materials in explosives preparations, is important in many fields including environmental science, public security and forensics. CdSe quantum dots capped with PAMAM-G₄ dendrimer were synthetized in water and used for the detection of trace amounts of three nitroaromatic compounds: 4-methoxy-2-nitrophenol (MNP), 2-amine-5-chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene (ACNB) and 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid (MNB). To increase the apparent water solubility of these compounds α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) was used to promote the formation of inclusion complexes. The studied nitroaromatic compounds (plus α-CD) significantly quenched the fluorescence intensity of the nanocomposite with linear Stern-Volmer plots. The Stern-Volmer constants (standard deviation in parenthesis) were: MNB, K_SV = 65(5) × 10⁴ M⁻¹; ACNB, K_SV = 19(2) × 10⁴ M⁻¹; and, MNP, K_SV = 33(1) × 10² M⁻¹. These constants suggest the formation of a ground state complex between the nitroaromatric compounds and the sensor which confers a relatively high analytical sensitivity. The detection sensibilities are about 0.01 mg L⁻¹ for MNB and ACNB and about 0.1 mg L⁻¹ for MNP. No interferences or small interferences are observed for trinitrotoluene [K_SV = 10(2) × 10² × M⁻¹], 2,4-dinitrotoluene [K_SV = 20(3) × 10 M⁻¹], 2,6-dinitrotoluene [K_SV = 11(4) × 10 M⁻¹] and nitrobenzene [K_SV = 2(1) × 10³ × M⁻¹].