水铁矿负载甘蔗渣吸附磷酸根开放性综合化学实验

采用原位沉淀法制备了对磷酸根有较好吸附性能的水铁矿负载甘蔗渣复合吸附剂。通过扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、Zeta电位等手段对负载甘蔗渣吸附剂进行了表征,同时考查了水铁矿负载甘蔗渣吸附剂对磷酸根吸附的行为和机理。结果表明负载后的甘蔗渣对磷酸根的吸附量提高显著,吸附可在30 min内达到平衡,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型,动力学曲线符合准二级模型,负载吸附剂对废水中磷的去除率高达99.8%。该研究可作为工业分析、应用化学、环境工程等专业高年级的综合化学实验,有利于提升学生的研究兴趣,培养学生将理论知识运用于实际的能力,激发学生的创新能力。     

功能化介孔二氧化硅的制备及其吸附分离水中铀的研究进展

铀是一种高效、清洁的核能燃料,但在核工业中不可避免地会产生含铀废水。如果不及时处理,泄漏到环境中,将对动植物和人类的健康构成威胁。因此,从能源回收和环境保护的角度来说,研究水溶液中U(Ⅵ)的分离工艺迫在眉睫。吸附技术因其可行性、效率高和操作简单等优点备受关注。功能化介孔二氧化硅材料具有比表面积大、孔容量大和吸附能力强等优点,是一种理想的吸附剂,在铀的吸附分离领域有着广泛的应用。本文在功能化介孔二氧化硅制备方法的基础上,结合X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线吸收精细结构谱、X射线能谱分析和拉曼光谱等分析方法,对国内外目前水溶液中U(Ⅵ)吸附的表征及吸附机理进行了综述。虽然功能化介孔硅吸附铀已经取得了令人鼓舞和潜在的发展,但新型多功能吸附剂的设计和批量生产在实际环境的应用方面仍具有挑战性。     

海藻酸钠固定化桔青霉微球对铀的吸附研究

以桔青霉(PC)作为对照,研究了铀溶液的pH值、吸附时间对海藻酸钠固定化微球(SAIPC)吸附性能的影响,吸附铀的最佳pH为6,7h基本达到吸附平衡。在308K,铀浓度为50μg/mL,pH值为6.0,SAIPC和PC分别在7h,5h达到吸附平衡,它们的吸附容量分别达256和116mg/g。对吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型进行了分析,SAIPC对铀离子的吸附动力学模型较好地符合了准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附模型。结果表明:SAIPC是一种具有良好应用前景的,可望在工业中应用的生物吸附剂。     

聚乙烯亚胺修饰的氧化硅纳米管基吸附剂的制备及其CO_2吸附应用

以P123为模板,1,2-二(三甲氧基硅基)乙烷(BTME)为硅源合成了介孔氧化硅纳米管(E-SNTs).将ESNTs经过聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰后制得吸附剂用于捕捉CO2.对吸附剂进行了透射电镜(TEM)、物理吸附、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、热重分析(TGA)等表征.E-SNTs-PEI吸附剂的最佳CO2吸附温度为75°C.吸附剂的CO2吸附量随着PEI负载量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其中50%为最佳负载量,此时吸附剂的吸附量最大为3.32 mmol·g-1.相比较SBA-15基吸附剂,E-SNTs基吸附剂具有更优异的吸附性能.在有水汽的存在下,吸附剂E-SNTs-50的CO2吸附量达到3.75 mmol·g-1.经过四次循环吸脱附实验测试E-SNTs-PEI吸附剂的稳定性能,结果表明其CO2吸附量基本不变,该吸附剂表现出较好的稳定性和可再生能力.     

改性果胶-Fe_3O_4磁性微球的制备及对Cu~(2+)吸附性能研究

采用氯化钙、环氧氯丙烷交联改性,制备了改性果胶磁性微粒,分别用红外光谱、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射对样品进行了表征并对实验条件进行了探究。实验结果表明:环氧氯丙烷改性果胶-Fe_3O_4微球吸附剂对Cu~(2+)有较好的吸附。该吸附符合准二级动力学方程,主要为化学吸附。当Cu~(2+)的初始浓度160 mg·L~(-1),吸附剂添加量为20 mg,反应时间为90 min,反应温度为60℃时的单位吸附量为74.89 mg·g~(-1)。研究还表明EDTA对磁性微球的洗脱效果最佳。环氧氯丙烷改性果胶-Fe_3O_4微球吸附剂对香螺、海螺和黄蚬子三种贝类的酶解液中Cu~(2+)进行脱除实验,去除率分别为85.1%,82.4%和83.5%,效果良好。     

浮石负载壳聚糖吸附去除水中丙溴磷

通过浮石负载壳聚糖制备了吸附剂壳聚糖/浮石复合物,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等技术手段表征了吸附剂性质,考察了吸附剂量、吸附时间、溶液pH值、离子强度和温度对该吸附剂吸附去除水中丙溴磷的影响,研究了再生吸附剂的吸附性能。结果表明,负载在浮石上的壳聚糖占吸附剂总量的8.69%;在p H值3.0~7.0内,壳聚糖/浮石对丙溴磷的吸附率大于90%;这种吸附剂对丙溴磷的吸附受溶液离子强度影响较小,随温度升高而稍微减小。在溶液温度25℃、pH=7.0、丙溴磷浓度40 mg/L、壳聚糖/浮石剂量为0.7 g/L和吸附平衡时间为90 min条件下,此吸附剂对丙溴磷最大吸附率为93.3%(最大吸附量为53.4 mg/g)。壳聚糖/浮石连续经过3次吸附/再生循环,每次循环对丙溴磷的吸附率下降约12%。可见壳聚糖/浮石通过吸附可有效地去除水中的农药丙溴磷。     

二氧化钍纳米球在碳酸铀酰铵溶液中对铀的吸附性能

二氧化钍(ThO_2)是一种锕系金属氧化物,作为吸附剂是其重要的应用方向之一,但其应用范围还较为有限,有待进一步拓宽。我们研究了水热法合成的多晶ThO_2纳米球在碳酸铀酰铵((NH_4)_4[UO_2(CO_3)_3])溶液中对铀的吸附性能。结果表明,在含有2 mmol/L NH_4HCO_3和20 mmol/L三羟甲基氨基甲烷-HCl的(NH_4)_4[UO_2(CO_3)_3]溶液(pH=8.45)中,ThO_2纳米球对铀的吸附符合准二级动力学吸附模型,在初始铀浓度为20 mg/L时,ThO_2纳米球对铀的吸附容量可以达到6.52 mg/g;ThO_2纳米球对铀的等温吸附符合Freundlich模型。吸附铀后的ThO_2纳米球可通过低浓度的盐酸进行高效洗脱。机理研究表明,在此实验条件下,ThO_2纳米球带负电荷,通过阳离子吸附机理吸附UO_2~(2+),容易受到Ca~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)等阳离子的竞争而出现吸附容量下降的情况。本文的研究工作对金属氧化物从弱碱性及中性放射性废液和海水中提取铀具有参考价值。     

Pb(Ⅱ)离子印迹吸附剂的制备及固相萃取性能研究

采用表面印迹技术,结合溶胶凝胶过程,合成了巯基功能化的Pb(Ⅱ)离子印迹吸附剂,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱和N2吸附-脱附对其进行了表征,并用平衡吸附实验研究了其固相萃取性能.结果表明,该印迹吸附剂对Pb(Ⅱ)的结合能力和选择性明显高于非印迹吸附剂,并且具有较快的吸附速率,20 min即达到吸附平衡,最大的平衡吸附量达221 mg/g,在Cd(Ⅱ)存在下,相对选择性系数达到121.该法的检出限为0.23 μg/L,相对标准偏差为3.7%.将该印迹吸附剂用于实际水样的分离富集和测定,结果令人满意.     

固液界面吸附活化能的测定及其原理

固液界面吸附动力学机理的研究对深入了解吸附规律具有重要意义.艾宏韬曾提出吸附动力学的基本公式,但对活化能的研究未予重视.陈松等虽测定了水合氧化钛在海水中吸附铀的活化能,但均假设吸附反应仅是单向进行.本文从质量作用定律出发,对正反两方向的反应速率及吸附剂、吸附质的有关参数均予以考虑,导出了分别适用于速率较小或较大两种情况下活化能的实验测定方法,并分别以水合氧化钛在海水中吸附铀及水合氧化铁吸附铅、铜的动力学实验结果为例,加以验证.     

金属改性树脂吸附脱氮工艺及动力学研究

以D72树脂为载体,负载Ni~(2+)、Co~(2+)后制备高活性吸附脱氮剂,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析吸附剂的骨架结构,采用N2吸附-脱附(BET)测定吸附剂的比表面积和孔分布情况。以焦化蜡油为原料,在全混流反应釜中进行吸附脱氮实验。考察吸附温度、吸附时间、剂油质量比等对吸附剂吸附性能的影响。结果表明,在吸附温度为40℃、吸附时间为60min、剂油质量比为1:10、金属负载量为5wt%的条件下,改性树脂对焦化蜡油有较好的吸附效果,脱氮率达到80.08%。动力学研究结果表明,改性树脂与焦化蜡油中碱性氮化物的吸附反应符合准二级动力学模型,其相关系数大于0.99;通过计算,确定了动力学方程中的参数。     

Characterization and Mechanism Elucidation of Dye Adsorption Using Cuprous Selenide Nanoparticles from Aqueous Solutions

The removal of cationic dyes, methylene blue(MB) and rhodamine B(RB), and anionic dyes, methyl or-ange(MO) and eosin Y(EY), from aqueous solutions by adsorption using Cu₂Se nanoparticles(Cu₂SeNPs) was studied. The effects of the initial pH values, adsorbent doses, contact time, initial dye concentrations, salt concentrations, and operation temperatures on the adsorption capacities were investigated. The adsorption process was better fitted the Langmuir equation and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and was spontaneous and endothermic as well. The adsorption mechanism was probably based on the electrostatic interactions and π-π interactions between Cu₂SeNPs and dyes. For an adsorbent of 0.4 g/L of Cu₂SeNPs, the adsorption capacities of 23.1(MB), 22.9(RB) and 23.9(EY) mg/g were achieved, respectively, with an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/g(pH=8 for MB and pH=4 for RB and EY) and a contact time of 120 min. The removal rate of MB was still 70.4% for Cu₂SeNPs being reused in the 5th cycle. Furthermore, the recycled Cu₂SeNPs produced from selenium nanoparticles adsorbing copper were also an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes. Cu₂SeNPs showed great potential as a new adsorbent for dyes removal due to its good stability, functionalization and reusability.     

Adsorption behavior of Pd(II) ions from aqueous solution onto pyromellitic acid modified-UiO-66-NH2

A new adsorbent was successfully fabricated by chemically linking pyromellitic acid onto a zirconium-based metal-organic framework composite for selective adsorption of Pd(II) from an aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller equation and scanning electron microscope. The adsorption capacity, selectivity and repeatability of the adsorbent were tested by batch experiments. The optimum pH was 2.0, and the maximum adsorption capacity at room temperature was 226.1 mg/g. In the kinetic experiments, the adsorption process achieved equilibrium within 5 h and generally conformed to the quasi-second kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model. The N-H and OH groups on the adsorbent interacted with Pd(II) by electrostatic and coordination action. The adsorbent maintained excellent adsorption capacity after at least 5 cycles. At the same time, the selectivity of the adsorbent in aqueous solution is excellent from interfering ions. Therefore, the new adsorbent will have an obvious application prospect on the recovery of palladium.     

三乙烯四胺改性榴莲壳吸附水溶液中的Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)

采用三乙烯四胺改性榴莲壳,制备新型的改性榴莲壳吸附剂,研究其对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附性能。结果表明,吸附Cd2+、Pb2+的适宜条件为:pH 6.0,吸附时间120 min。改性后榴莲壳吸附剂对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附容量有了很大程度的提高,Cd2+、Pb2+最大吸附量分别达到39.30、53.76 mg/g。吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich方程。     

Synthesis and Properties of Surface Molecular Imprinting Adsorbent for Removal of Pb<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

A new chitosan imprinting adsorbent using diatomite as core material was prepared by using the surface molecular imprinting technology with the Pb²⁺ as imprinted ion. The preparation process conditions of the surface molecular imprinting adsorbent were studied. The adsorbent was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. FTIR spectrum indicated that it was cross-linked by epichlorohydrin. The new imprinting adsorbent could provide a higher adsorption capacity for Pb²⁺, which reached 139.6 mg/g increasing 32.3% compared with cross-linking chitosan adsorbent (the initial Pb²⁺ concentration of 600 mg/L). The adsorption velocity was quick and the equilibration time of the imprinting adsorbent for Pb²⁺ was 3 h that shortened about 40% compared with cross-linking chitosan adsorbent. It had a more wide pH range of 5–7 than that of cross-linking chitosan adsorbent. The new imprinting adsorbent can be reused for up to ten cycles without loss of adsorption capacity. In the kinetics and isotherm study, the pseudosecond order model and Langmuir model could represent the adsorption process.     

聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/蒙脱土/腐殖酸钠复合物对Pb2+的吸附性能

用制备的聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/蒙脱土/腐殖酸钠复合吸附剂,研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间和Pb2+溶液初始浓度等因素对重金属Pb2+的吸附性能,探讨了复合吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附机理。结果表明,在pH值为6.0、吸附时间2 h、Pb2+溶液初始浓度0.01 mol/L和吸附剂用量0.10 g的条件下,复合吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附量达到364.05 mg/g,平衡所需的时间为15 min。与蒙脱土相比,复合吸附剂具有更高的吸附容量和更快的吸附速率。     

Synthesis of Novel Poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate]/Pumice Stone Hydrogel Composite for the Rapid Adsorption of Humic Acid in Aqueous Solution

In this study, a novel hydrogel composite, poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate]/pumice (PDMAEMA/Pmc) was designed and its sorption behavior for humic acid (HA) was produced by using batch adsorption techniques. FTIR results showed that pumice was well incorporated with the PDMAEMA matrix. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in order to determine the morphology of composite hydrogel. In the batch experiments, the adsorption capacity was evaluated depending on different variables such as ionic strength; initial HA concentration; pH and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption capacity was found to be 86.27 mg/g under the optimized conditions. The results revealed that HA adsorption onto PDMAEMA/Pmc was well expressed by the Freundlich isotherm model and the adsorption process was followed by the pseudo second order kinetic model. The reusability tests also indicated that novel PDMAEMA/Pmc adsorbent was an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for removal of HA.     

Comparison of sorption of Pb<Superscript>2+</Superscript> and Cd<Superscript>2+</Superscript> on Kaolinite clay and polyvinyl alcohol-modified Kaolinite clay

Kaolinite clay obtained from Ubulu-Ukwu, Delta state in Nigeria was modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) reagent to obtain PVA-modified Kaolinite clay adsorbent. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the PVA-modified adsorbent suggests that Kaolinite clay particles were made more compact in nature with no definite structure. Modification of Kaolinite clay with PVA increased its adsorption capacity for 300 mg/L Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ by a factor of at least 6, i.e., from 4.5 mg/g to 36.23 mg/g and from 4.38 mg/g to 29.85 mg/g, respectively, at 298 K. Binary mixtures of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ decreased the adsorption capacity of Unmodified Kaolinite clay for Pb²⁺ by 26.3% and for Cd²⁺ by 0.07%, respectively. In contrast, for PVA-modified Kaolinite clay, the reductions were up to 50.9% and 58.5% for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, respectively. The adsorption data of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ onto both Unmodified and PVA-modified Kaolinite clay adsorbents were found to fit the Pseudo-Second Order Kinetic model (PSOM), indicating that adsorption on both surfaces was mainly by chemisorption and is concentration dependent. However, kinetic adsorption data from both adsorbent generally failed the Pseudo-First order Kinetic model (PFOM) test. Extents of desorption of 91% Pb²⁺ and 94% Cd²⁺ were obtained, using 0.1 M HCl, for the Unmodified Kaolinite clay adsorbent. It was found that 99% Pb²⁺ and 97% Cd²⁺, were desorbed, for PVA-modified Kaolinite clay adsorbents within 3 min for 60 mg/L of the metal ions adsorbed by the adsorbents.     

磷酸铝吸附除水中氟的研究

采用静态吸附法研究了比表面为308m2/g的无定形磷酸铝吸附除氟性能,研究了接触时间、pH值、吸附剂量等对吸附的影响。结果表明,磷酸铝吸附除氟高效、迅速,30min内可以接近最大吸附量。对含氟50mg/g的溶液,优化条件下的最大除氟率约93%。研究了吸附与溶液pH的关系,得到了优化pH值并解释了吸附机理。吸附的最佳pH值约为5.5。用拟二级动力学方程描述了吸附速率并计算了速率常数。用Langmuir方程拟合了吸附等温线,计算的饱和吸附量为53.5mg/g。吸附剂量对分配系数的影响表明吸附剂表面是不均匀的。     

Kinetic adsorption of drugs using carbon nanofibers in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids

Two different classes of drugs were selected to test the adsorption capacity of carbon nanofibers as a greener new generation alternative adsorbent in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Kinetics of the promethazine and trimethoprim adsorption were analyzed using Lagergren first order and Pseudo second order models. Intraparticle diffusion graphs were also plotted to discuss the adsorption mechanism. Kinetic data showed the significance of boundary layer effect for both of the drugs and the presence of intraparticle diffusion as the other rate controlling step for the promethazine adsorption. Giles isotherms showed the high affinity of drug molecules to the adsorbent. Maximum adsorption capacity of drugs was calculated using Langmuir model as 18.35 and 41.15 mg/g for trimethoprim and 95.24 and 80.65 mg/g for promethazine in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), respectively. Trimethoprim adsorption was under favor of hydrophobic interaction and π-π dispersion interactions while promethazine adsorption was through cation exchange where the electrostatic attraction is an important force with the contribution of dispersion interactions.