不同氛围下烟草的热裂解行为研究

烟丝分别在He和空气环境中于600、700、800、900、1 000 ℃下进行热裂解,裂解产物用GC-MS进行在线检测,研究了烟丝样品分别在惰性和有氧氛围中不同温度下的热裂解行为.数据表明,烟丝在He气和空气中热裂解时的产物有较大差异,He气下的裂解产物以烯烃、苯和苯系物为主;在空气下裂解的主要产物为酮、醛、醇、酸和酯等羰基化合物.有氧氛围有益于异戊二烯和1,3-丁二烯的生成,但在一定程度上抑制了酚类物质的产生.在惰性和有氧氛围下,随着温度的升高,多环芳烃化合物的产生量均进一步增加.He氛围下得到的裂解产物类型接近卷烟燃烧时的热解区,而空气氛围下得到的裂解产物类型接近燃烧区.     

TG-FTIR研究落叶松和废轮胎共热解失重及产物释放特性

利用热重红外法(TG-FTIR)考察了不同质量混合比例(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1)落叶松和废轮胎共热解失重、动力学规律及气相产物释放特性。共热解失重特性研究发现,温度低于366℃共热解主要表现为以落叶松为主的热降解行为,温度高于366℃主要表现为以废轮胎为主的热降解行为,热解效率随着落叶松加入比例的增大而提高。采用Coats-Redfern动力学模型对共热解动力学分析发现,主要失重阶段低温区(250~370℃)和高温区(370~480℃)热解行为均符合一级动力学规律,高温区活化能均明显低于低温区,随着落叶松加入比例的增大,活化能明显降低,使得热降解更容易发生。红外分析表明,共热解过程中主要生成含氧官能团的有机物及含氧小分子气体,6种小分子气体吸收峰析出强度由大到小依次为CO2CH4H2OCOSO2H2S,其中,废轮胎中的硫在落叶松降解过程中产生的氧自由基作用下主要转化为SO2。     

烟草及其主要组分的热分析质谱研究

采用热分析质谱技术研究国产烤烟,白肋烟以及烟草的主成分纤维素,木质素,果胶的热解及热解产物。研究结果表明:烟草热解分为三个阶段,大分子物质分解引起的失重为最主要的失重阶段。果胶,木质素,纤维素的分解主要发生在200至450℃之间。烟气中羧酸类物质,醚类物质,酯类物质生成温度较低,主要来自于纤维素和果胶的分解,而苯系物和酚类物质则需要较高的热解温度,主要来自于木质素的分解。     

钼酸盐对卷烟燃烧氧化反应的催化作用

用自吸烟机、气相色谱，高效液相色谱和电子自旋波谱分别检测钼酸盐处理的卷烟和对照卷烟的燃烧速度，烟气焦油量，焦油中BaP和自由基的浓度，用差热分析和热失重分析探讨反应机理，结果表明，钼酸盐添加剂对降低卷烟燃烧反应的活化能，提高卷烟的燃烧速度，降低烟气焦油量，焦油中BaP和自由基有较高的活性。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析卷烟烟丝和“九曲红梅”红茶样品在加热不燃烧条件下释放出的挥发物及用掺入红茶的烟丝制卷烟的初步探讨

将"九曲红梅"红茶(以下简称红茶)与卷烟烟丝样品分别经过粉碎并通过0.177mm网筛,制成分析用样品。称取0.2mg样品,在裂解炉中,温度为200℃的条件下,在氦气氛围中,样品挥发性成分瞬间气化,由载气带入气相色谱-质谱仪器系统,经分离和测定,得到了两种样品在此条件下所释放出成分。烟丝样品在此加热不燃烧条件下,释放的物质主要有人为添加的发烟剂丙三醇(59.34%),以及其本身的组分烟碱(20.34%)、3-丁炔-1-醇(4.32%)、5-羟甲基糠醛(3.23%)和2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮(2.12%)等。红茶样品中释放出的主要成分有咖啡因(86.23%)以及16种低含量特征组分。将此红茶样品按质量百分比为5%,10%,30%的比例加入卷烟烟丝中,并测定其在加热不燃烧的条件下释放物质量的变化,并结合感官评价。结果发现:混入不同比例红茶的烟丝,加热后释放出的气体中咖啡因的含量按茶叶的配比量的增加依次为0.71%,1.96%,7.23%;感官评价表明红茶加入卷烟烟丝中,提升了卷烟烟气的优雅感,强化了卷烟的果香、甜香、花香等香韵,提升了香气量和香气丰富性,细腻柔和烟气,改善余味,增强回甜感。当茶叶的加入量为10%时,在余味和口感上有较好的效果,具有全面提升感官品质的功效,整体抽吸舒适性和协调性较好,香气的质和量适中。     

不同烟叶热失重特性及燃烧特性分析

为考察烟叶原料加热状态下的热失重及燃烧特性,采用热失重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)技术分析了不同类型、不同部位和不同产地烟叶原料的热失重特性和燃烧特性。结果表明:1提高升温速率不改变烟叶的热失重特性,但可加快烟叶的质量损失,有利于烟气的快速释放;2烤烟、白肋烟和香料烟的热失重特性具有明显差异,烤烟和香料烟存在4个热失重阶段,白肋烟只存在3个热失重阶段,其中烤烟和香料烟产生烟气和香味物质主要在第2和第3热失重阶段,白肋烟主要在第2热失重阶段,并且烤烟和香料烟相应的失重率高于白肋烟;3各烟叶均存在挥发物燃烧阶段(200~400℃)和炭化物燃烧阶段(400~600℃),并分别对应于各烟叶的后两个失重阶段;4烤烟两个燃烧阶段的着火温度分别在250~280℃和420~460℃之间,白肋烟和香料烟均分别在230~240℃和410~420℃之间。     

蔗渣的热解与燃烧动力学特性研究

利用热重分析仪对蔗渣在不同升温速率下的热解、燃烧失重特性进行了研究。采用Friedman法对反应过程中可能存在的反应机理进行初步判断，蔗渣热解过程由其主要组分半纤维素、纤维素和木质素热解的三个独立的平行反应来描述，相应的反应活化能分别为203.92 kJ·mol-1、238.50 kJ·mol-1和77.11 kJ·mol-1； 蔗渣燃烧过程分为两段，第一段类似于其热解过程，第二段由木质素热解和残焦燃烧共同组成的连续反应，反应活化能为255.57 kJ·mol-1和159.11 kJ·mol-1。通过非线性回归法拟合获得的曲线与实验曲线基本一致，证实了蔗渣的热解、燃烧过程中存在着上述假定的反应机理。     

生物油蒸馏残渣理化性质及热失重研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、激光共焦显微拉曼光谱仪和TGA Q500热分析仪对生物油蒸馏残渣及其在不同温度处理后的热解焦炭理化性质进行表征,并对其热失重特性进行分析。结果表明,生物油蒸馏残渣主要是由脂肪族、芳香族和低聚糖类等有机化合物组成;在氮气氛围下热解主要分为三个阶段:30-145℃为小分子物质挥发析出阶段145-550℃为大分子物质裂解和氧化阶段,550-750℃为焦炭产生阶段;热处理过程中各类物质逐步有序热解析出,同时固体产物石墨化程度随着热处理终止温度的升高而升高。     

杉木热解及燃烧特性热天平模拟试验研究

对南方森林主要树种－杉木的变工况热解行为进行了热重分析（TG）和差热分析(DTG)研究。将试样分别加热到200 ℃、300 ℃、400 ℃和500 ℃做空气变氮气、氮气变空气热天平试验，模拟实际火场由于火势发展产生的局部缺氧状态及由缺氧状态转变为富氧的状态；在空气气氛下将试样分别加热到250 ℃、300 ℃、350 ℃、400 ℃和450 ℃，然后冷却到50 ℃再继续加热直到700 ℃，模拟火场中可燃物不完全燃烧后的回燃情况。通过试验结果分析，深入研究了环境气氛变化对试样热解的影响。给出了杉木热解的两阶段一级反应模型，通过模型计算得出在233.3 ℃～369.9 ℃、369.9 ℃～490.8 ℃热解二阶段的活化能分别为77.85 kJ·mol－1、138.18 kJ·mo－1，频率因子分别为1.95×106、 4.84×109。     

棉秆催化热解特性及动力学建模研究

通过不同添加剂处理棉秆的热重实验,分析NaOH、Na₂CO₃、Na₂SiO₃、NaCl、TiO₂、HZSM-5六种添加剂催化棉秆热解动力学特性,结合原料的组分分析,建立三组分独立平行一级反应热解动力学模型对试样热失重行为进行模拟,采用非线性最小平方算法求解热解动力学参数。研究发现,添加剂的加入改变了三组分动力学参数,在碱性添加剂作用下,纤维素和半纤维素热解活化能都有较大程度降低,且碱性越强,纤维素热解活化能越低,而半纤维素热解活化能越高;中性添加剂NaCl对纤维素和半纤维素热解活化能的影响不大;酸性添加剂使纤维素和半纤维素的热解活化能有所增大,但所有添加剂对木质素热解活化能的影响不明显。     

Preparation of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) coatings for microencapsulation of charcoal

Polyethyleneglycols (PEGs) with their high solubility in water cannot normally be used as a coating material in aqueous solutions such as blood. A λ-radiation procedure was therefore applied after coating charcoal granules with PEG in a non-aqueous phase, and an 80–90% insoluble polymer matrix on charcoal was obtained. PEGs with different molecular weights from 4000 to 300,000 were used for coating. The performance of this system was determined by using several test solutes, namely creatinine, uric acid, and vitamin B-12. It was observed that the pore size and structure of these membranes can be adjusted by changing the irradiation time and by using PEGs with different molecular weights. Thus, very high mass transfer rates can be achieved.     

生物质竹炭对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附行为研究

以竹炭和经化学改性竹炭作为吸附剂,研究其对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附特性,探讨了竹炭对Cd2+的吸附热力学和吸附动力学性质,通过单因子优化实验探讨了温度、竹炭投加量和p H值对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:竹炭及改性竹炭对Cd2+的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型,在18h可达到平衡;其等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程,最大吸附量分别为10.18mg/g和16.71mg/g;两者对Cd2+的吸附受温度的影响较小;竹炭及改性竹炭的最佳投加量分别为0.8g、0.6g;p H对竹炭及改性竹炭吸附Cd2+的影响较大,在p H 2~6范围时,竹炭及改性竹炭对Cd2+的吸附量随p H的增加而增加。     

竹炭对砷（Ⅲ）离子的吸附行为研究

研究了溶液的pH值与初始质量浓度、竹炭用量、吸附时间以及温度等因素对As（Ⅲ）离子吸附效果的影响。研究结果表明,在pH为3．00和12．50的情况下,竹炭对As（Ⅲ）离子有较好的吸附效果;同时吸附率随初始质量浓度的增加而降低,吸附能在180min内达到吸附平衡;等温吸附服从Freundlieh吸附等温方程式,酸性条件和碱性条件的最佳吸附温度分别为30℃和40℃。认为竹炭可作为理想的除砷吸附材料。     

Evaluation of CSC Charcoal for Production of Dry Combustion Plasma

Evaluation of CSC charcoal by standard thermoanalytical techniques shows that the dry material contains ⪞ 99% carbon having calorific value of about 16.32 mJ/kg; its hydrogen and ash contents are insignificant. On admixture with small amount of K₂CO₃ (seed for generation of combustion plasma) its combustion characteristics remain more or less unaltered though the combustion rates are greatly enhanced. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

活性炭过滤色谱及其在酪氨酸分离中的应用

 The basic principles of activated charcoal filtration chromatography and its use in recovering L-tyrosinefrom L-cystine waste were presented in ths paper.     

竹炭模板合成高度有序二氧化硅微米线组

通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)系统地研究了竹炭的微观结构，并以竹炭孔道为模板，以正硅酸乙酯为硅源，采用溶胶-凝胶法合成出高度有序的二氧化硅微米线组，其形貌和组成分别通过SEM，EDX和XRD进行表征．结果表明，所得微米线为较纯的方石英晶型，直径约1～2μm．长达200μm以上，呈束状高度有序排列，其形貌高度复制了竹炭微孔孔道的结构，说明微孔在限域反应中起模板作用。     

The reductive mechanism of nitrobenzene catalyzed by nine charcoals in sulfides solution

Due to the different sources of charcoals, there are significant differences in their properties. In order to study the catalytic effect of different charcoals to nitrobenzene (NB), we selected nine charcoal-sources to prepare nine charcoals with different properties. The experiments showed that NB could be rapidly reduced by sulfides in the presence of all charcoals. The surface area normalized reduction rate constants of NB increased with H/C and (O+N)/C ratio of charcoals increasing. The difference of catalytic effect for nine charcoals was mainly due to their different species and content of surface functional groups and original organic matter. Based on the theoretical calculation and experimental results, the reaction mechanism of NB catalyzed by charcoal in sulfides solution was analyzed. Some active surface functional groups and original organic matter of charcoals were regarded as the active sites and played an important role in catalyzing the reduction of NB by accelerating the transfer of electrons from sulfides to NB.     

Microwave Absorption and Infrared Stealth Characteristics of Bamboo Charcoal/Silver Composites Prepared by Chemical Reduction Method

Bamboo charcoal coated with silver (BC/Ag) was prepared by activation and chemical reduction processes at different AgNO₃ contents (10‐30 wt.%). The spectroscopic characterizations of the formation processes of BC/Ag composites were studied using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. These composites were introduced in epoxy resin to be a microwave absorber and mixed polyethylene to be an infrared stealth plate. Microwave absorbing properties were investigated by measuring complex permittivity, complex permeability and reflection loss in the 2‐18 and 18‐40 GHz microwave frequency range using the free space method. The thermal extinction measurements in the 3‐5 and 8‐12 μm were done to evaluate the shielding affectivity of infrared. The results showed that a significant thermal extinction and a wider absorption frequency range could be obtained by adding silver to bamboo charcoal.     

Palladium charcoal-catalyzed, ligandless Suzuki reaction by using tetraarylborates in water

In water and without using any ligand, palladium charcoal-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction of tetraarylborates with aryl bromides could be achieved in excellent yield. A concise mechanism consisting of four catalytic cycles is depicted in this paper.     

Kinetic of Patent Blue VF Adsorption from Aqueous Solution on Activated Bone Charcoal

The effect of temperature of activation on bone charcoal, used as adsorbent for the removal of Patent Blue VF from water solutions was studied. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDS. The kinetic of adsorption of dye was carried out at 10 °C and 45 °C. Carbonization temperature (600–1000 °C) of the adsorbent has significant effect on the removal of dye from water solutions. The first order kinetic, Elovich, Bangham, parabolic diffusion and power function equations were found to fit the kinetic data. Activation energies of adsorption (Δ≠) have higher values for the charcoal activated at high temperatures and the other thermodynamic parameters like ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠ were also found.