应用水汽相变促进湿法脱硫净烟气中PM_(2.5)和SO_3酸雾脱除的研究

在石灰石-石膏法脱硫净烟气中分别采用添加适量蒸汽和湿空气方式建立PM_(2.5)和SO_3酸雾凝结长大所需的过饱和水汽环境,在测试分析湿法脱硫净烟气中PM_(2.5)及SO_3酸雾物性的基础上,考察了蒸汽及湿空气添加量、脱硫净烟气温度等的影响。结果表明,湿法脱硫净烟气中PM2.5除含有燃煤飞灰外,含Ca SO_4、Ca SO_3及未反应的Ca CO_3等组分;由于SO_3酸雾基本处于亚微米级粒径范围,湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统对SO_3酸雾的脱除率仅为35%-55%;添加适量蒸汽及湿空气方式均可促进湿法脱硫净烟气中PM_(2.5)和SO_3酸雾脱除,最终排放浓度随蒸汽或湿空气添加量的增加而降低,其中,添加蒸汽方式适合于脱硫净烟气温度较低(≤50-55℃)的场合,在脱硫净烟气温度较高(≥55-60℃)时,利用添加湿空气方式替代添加蒸汽更具技术经济优势。     

燃烧源PM2.5凝结洗涤脱除实验研究

利用蒸汽在燃烧源PM2.5表面凝结,促使PM2.5凝结长大,建立一套燃烧源PM2.5凝结洗涤的实验台;考察了颗粒粒径分布、蒸汽添加量、液气比等对两种燃烧源PM2.5凝结洗涤脱除效果的影响。采用电称低压冲击器 (ELPI)在线测试分析燃煤和燃油PM2.5凝结洗涤前后的数浓度和粒径分布特性,并用SEM和XPS对两种不同燃烧源的颗粒进行了形貌和元素组分分析。结果表明,燃煤和燃油产生的PM2.5形貌和组分具有较大的差别,燃煤PM2.5主要为硅铝矿物质,而燃油PM2.5主要为含炭物质;相同条件下,燃煤PM2.5相变脱除效果优于燃油PM2.5;随着蒸汽添加量的增加,两者的脱除效率均升高;随粒径的增大,脱除效率提高;蒸汽添加量为0.08kg/m3时,粒径为0.4μm的燃煤和燃油细颗粒的脱除效率分别81％和72％;此外,适当增加液气比有利于凝结长大含尘液滴的脱除。     

蒸汽活化生物质焦吸附模拟烟气中SO2和NO的研究

以麦秆和稻壳生物质为研究对象,在不同的热解温度、热解速率以及蒸汽活化温度条件下制备了生物质焦,采用比表面积与孔隙度分析仪测定生物质焦的比表面积和孔隙结构参数。利用固定床吸附装置,研究了热解温度、热解速率、活化温度和模拟烟气中SO₂和NO浓度等因素对生物质焦吸附SO₂和NO性能的影响。结果表明,蒸汽活化可以显著提高生物质焦的BET比表面积、D-R比表面积、D-R微孔容积和总孔容,降低其平均孔径,并显著增加蒸汽活化生物质焦对SO₂与NO吸附的起始穿透时间和吸附量。快速热解下制得的蒸汽活化焦对SO₂和NO的吸附效果优于慢速热解,热解温度为873 K的蒸汽活化焦的吸附性能明显好于热解温度为673与1 073 K的蒸汽活化焦。在973~1 173 K下,随着蒸汽活化温度的提高,蒸汽活化生物质焦对SO₂和NO的吸附量呈现先上升后下降的趋势。随着模拟烟气中SO₂与NO浓度的降低,蒸汽活化生物质焦对SO₂与NO吸附的起始穿透时间延长,但相应的SO₂和NO吸附量下降。在873 K、快速热解和1 073 K条件下制得的蒸汽活化麦秆焦对SO₂和NO吸附量最大,其值分别为109.02和21.77 mg/g。     

435 m2烧结机机头化学团聚强化细颗粒物及重金属脱除试验研究

针对某435 m²烧结机机头,在静电除尘器前安装化学团聚强化除尘系统,研究化学团聚强化细颗粒物及重金属（As、Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn七种）脱除特性。实验结果表明,化学团聚后,细颗粒团聚成较大颗粒,静电除尘器后烟气中PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁颗粒质量浓度均降低49%以上,静电除尘器飞灰平均粒度增长46%以上,细颗粒物团聚效果显著,提升了静电除尘器脱除细颗粒物效率;静电除尘器飞灰及细颗粒物中重金属质量浓度上升,静电除尘器后烟气中重金属质量浓度均下降,表明化学团聚作用促使气态重金属向颗粒态重金属及飞灰中迁移,细颗粒重金属团聚长大。化学团聚不仅可以强化细颗粒物的脱除,同时有效提升了重金属的脱除效率。     

O_2/CO_2气氛添加高岭石对燃煤PM_(2.5)排放的影响

采用管式炉研究了在O2/CO2气氛下添加高岭石对PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物)排放特性的影响。实验采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集和分析燃烧后的PM2.5。结果表明,添加高岭石是燃烧过程中影响PM2.5生成的重要因素。添加高岭石后,生成PM1的数量和质量浓度均降低,而PM1-2.5的数量和质量浓度均略有增加,PM2.5粒径分布均呈双峰分布,峰值点分别出现在0.2μm和2.0μm左右。随着高岭石添加质量比的增加,PM2.5中的S、Pb、Cu、Na和K五种元素的浓度呈下降趋势。粒径小于0.317μm的亚微米颗粒通过气化-凝结机理形成,而超微米颗粒则是通过亚微米颗粒凝聚、聚结和矿物质熔融、破碎、聚结形成。     

低浓度含铅细颗粒物暴露大鼠体内生物转运研究

食品接触性塑料制品、可再生资源、汽车尾气中含有低浓度铅。铅等重金属体内蓄积严重影响机体健康,但机体长期暴露于铅环境的代谢依然未知。以低剂量含铅细颗粒物暴露为场景,探讨其在大鼠体内的生物转运及体内分布。通过比较每日吸入染毒(7.05±0.83)μg/m~3及经口染毒0.42μg/d,连续染毒28d。结果显示含铅细颗粒物入血的速度比经口途径快,在肺内蓄积浓度达(4.2±0.67)μg/g,与经口染毒组比较有显著统计学差异(P0.01);排泄方面,吸入含铅细颗粒物以粪便、尿液形式排出为主,与经口染毒组比较具有体内蓄积量大、排泄慢、在股骨和肋骨内蓄积量大的特点。因此,吸入含铅细颗粒物暴露体内蓄积量大,代谢速度慢,暴露危害比经口途径更大。     

单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪分析香烟烟气气溶胶

单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱可同时对气溶胶单颗粒的粒径大小、化学成分进行实时、在线检测.本研究介绍了新近研制的单颗粒质谱仪的原理、结构、主要技术指标及对香烟烟气气溶胶的应用研究.仪器采用空气动力学透镜聚焦,双光束粒径测量系统确定颗粒物的空气动力学直径,激光电离系统实现颗粒物精确电离,通过双极有网反射飞行时间质量分析器实现正负离子同时检测.香烟检测结果表明,在颗粒物粒径分布上,新鲜香烟烟气颗粒范围较老化烟气宽.在气溶胶化学成分上,老化烟气颗粒物与新鲜烟气相比,尼古丁,氰酸盐,硝酸盐,硫酸盐及铵盐5种成分的数浓度百分比都有所增加,而含C1-的数浓度百分比减少.原因可能是由于烟气由气相到粒相之间的转化,及颗粒物与空气中的气体发生了非均相反应;C1-老化之后的减少是因为HN03与CI-之间的非均相反应.     

微波萃取/气质联用法测定细颗粒物(PM2.5)中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立了环境空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的微波萃取(ME)/气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯-丙酮混合溶剂微波提取后,经DB-5MS色谱柱分离,采用SCAN/SIM模式进行质谱测定,外标法定量。结果显示,PAEs的线性范围为100~1 000 pg,方法的检出限为0.101~0.262 ng/m3,加标回收率81.6%~129%。将本方法应用于常州化工园区环境空气细颗粒物中PAEs的分析检测发现,大部分PAEs在样品中检出,其中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DEHP)检出浓度较高,方法能够满足环境空气细颗粒物中痕量PAEs的测定要求。     

典型煤灰成分细颗粒物在过饱和水汽环境中的长大特性

实验采用专门针对液滴的滴谱仪作为测量工具,以典型煤灰成分细颗粒物石英、氧化铁、莫来石、硫酸钙为研究对象,在热水与冷空气接触形成的低过饱和度下进行了蒸汽异相凝结长大实验研究。考察了颗粒润湿性、粒径以及热水温度对颗粒长大效果的影响。结果表明,润湿性好的颗粒长大效果好,初始粒径越小的颗粒长大倍数越大;热水温度对颗粒长大影响非常明显,热水温度越高,颗粒越容易发生异相凝结,颗粒最终直径越大。     

凹凸棒黏土对燃煤PM2.5排放及团聚捕集特性影响

在固定床反应系统上考察凹凸棒黏土对燃煤可吸入颗粒物PM_2.5的排放及团聚捕集特性影响,分析凹凸棒黏土添加量以及添加凹凸棒黏土情况下燃烧气氛、燃烧温度和钙硫物质的量比等参数对燃煤PM_2.5的数量浓度、质量浓度以及团聚捕集率的影响规律。结果表明,煤燃烧过程中添加凹凸棒黏土可以显著降低PM_2.5排放浓度,凹凸棒黏土的添加量不宜超过3%(质量分数);空气气氛下燃烧产生的PM_2.5多于O₂/CO₂气氛;随着钙硫物质的量比的增大,PM₁的质量浓度减小,但PM_1~2.5的质量浓度增大,颗粒物的粒径有向更大粒径转移的趋势;燃烧温度的升高会促进PM_2.5各粒径范围颗粒物的生成,降低了凹凸棒黏土对PM_2.5团聚捕集率。     

Fine particles of icosahedral quasicrystal formed by gas evaporation technique

Al-T (T=Mn, V, Cr) particles in the icosahedral phase have been prepared by evaporation and condensation of metals in an inactive gas. The particles were spherical in shape, with diameters ranging from 50 to 300 nm, and showed speckled contrast in bright and dark field images. Each particle consisted of fine grains of several nm with small misorientations (less than a few degrees). Patterson functions of the icosahedral Al-Mn were also calculated from electron diffraction data. Among several structure models examined in the present study, a model with an array of two-shell Mackay icosahedra gave the best fit with the Patterson functions.     

Particle-particle chemistry between micrometer-sized PbSO4 and CaCO3 particles in turbulent flow initiated by liquid water

A mixture of natural and anthropogenic particles is ubiquitous in the troposphere and exerts an important influence on air quality. This work reports the study of mixing and heterogeneous chemistry of particles of natural-like mineral dust (CaCO(3)) and anthropogenic-like microparticle (PbSO(4)) in turbulent air flow under varying relative humidity. Sparse monolayers of laboratory-generated particles were collected on substrates using impaction. The grain size distribution and chemistry of micrometer-sized particles were determined as CaCO(3)-PbSO(4) internal and external mixtures by Raman imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and time-of-flight static secondary ionization mass spectrometry. The condensation of a thin water layer on mixed aggregates initiates the formation of complex internal mixtures of Pb(3)(CO(3))(2)(OH)(2), PbCO(3), CaSO(4)·2H(2)O, CaCO(3), and PbSO(4) fine particles. These heterogeneous chemistry processes which may occur in ambient air can increase dramatically the amounts of hazardous breathable particles.     

Micronization of phenylbutazone by rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 solution

Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) technique was applied for the preparation of phenylbutazone fine particles. The operating temperature and pressure affected the yield of the drug fine particles, which was evaluated by dissolving the sprayed product of drug into ethanol. Effect of pre- and post-expansion conditions on the particle size distribution of phenylbutazone was investigated and the smallest sample (mean particle size: 1.59 microm) was obtained when the RESS method was operated at a pressure of 26 MPa combined with a temperature of 32 degrees C. Physicochemical properties of the fine particles were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the phenylbutazone fine particles obtained were meta-stable beta form under the experimental conditions tested, suggesting polymorphic transformation during the RESS process.     

Encapsulation of Hemoglobin Using Condensation Reaction of Butylcyanoacetate with Formaldehyde

Summary: Hemoglobin (Hb)-encapsulating particles have been prepared in a single step by condensation reaction of butylcyanoacetate (BCNA) with formaldehyde (FA) in Hb aqueous solution. Dimethylamine was used as a base catalyst and then the reaction was performed in 0.1 M HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) at room temperature. Particle composition analysis by extraction indicated that the particles consisted of PBCNA, HEPES and Hb. The content of Hb loaded into the particles monotonously increased with increasing initial Hb concentrations. Almost all Hb molecules in aqueous solution could be recovered as particles. In addition, the encapsulated Hb maintained the oxygen-carrying capacity similar to native Hb. These results indicate that condensation reaction of BCNA with FA can provide the assembly of Hb molecules in aqueous solution.     

Removal of fine powders from film surface. I. Effect of electrostatic force on the removal efficiency

A novel fine particle removal system composed of a corona-discharge neutralizer, a pulse-jet air unit and an image processing system has been developed. First of all, adhesion force between particle and film was directly measured and effect of electrostatic force on the adhesion force was calculated experimentally and theoretically. The electrostatic force was found to be significant, leading to the suggestion that the countermeasure for the electrostatic force was required to effectively remove fine particles. This system was then applied to the removal of fine particles from surface of a gelatin film used for conventional capsule material. The number of particles removed by the system was calculated by an image processing system and number base removal efficiency was computed with and without the elimination of electrostatic charge by the neutralizer. It was found that the difference between the removal efficiency of particles with elimination of electrostatic charge and that of without the elimination showed linear relationship with the electrostatic adhesion force. The data confirmed the necessity of electrostatic charge elimination for the effective removal of fine particles.     

水体微型颗粒的流式细胞术测定

应用流式细胞术（FCM）对水体中不同粒径级微型颗粒的数量、百分比及随时间变化进行了初步研究；仪器经流速校正，样品经过滤，外参法测定；结果表明FCM可快速、即时分析水体中的微型颗粒。     

生物质燃烧源PM2.5在水汽条件下长大特性的研究

研究了生物质燃烧源产生的细颗粒在水汽条件下的长大特性,通过生长管实验研究了不同的热水温度、颗粒初始浓度、颗粒在生长管中的停留时间及表面活性剂下生物质燃烧源细颗粒在水汽过饱和条件中的长大特性。与燃煤细颗粒在水汽条件下的长大结果进行对比,生物质燃烧源细颗粒的长大效果要比燃煤细颗粒长大效果要好,热水温度的升高、停留时间的延长有利于细颗粒的长大,小粒径段颗粒的长大则几乎不受颗粒初始浓度的影响,添加一定量的表面活性剂可以使得生物质燃烧源细颗粒全部长大至1μm以上。     

Explicit ions condensation around strongly charged polyelectrolytes and spherical macroions: the influence of salt concentration and chain linear charge density. Monte Carlo simulations

The condensation of monovalent counterions and trivalent salt particles around strong rigid and flexible polyelectrolyte chains as well as spherical macroions is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. The results are compared with the condensation theory proposed by Manning. Considering flexible polyelectrolyte chains, the presence of trivalent salt is found to play an important role by promoting chain collapse. The attraction of counterions and salt particles near the polyelectrolyte chains is found to be strongly dependent on the chain linear charge density with a more important condensation at high values. When trivalent salt is added in a solution containing monovalent salt, the trivalent cations progressively replace the monovalent counterions. Ion condensation around flexible chains is also found to be more efficient compared with rigid rods due to monomer rearrangement around counterions and salt cations. In the case of spherical macroions, it is found that a fraction of their bare charge is neutralized by counterions and salt cations. The decrease of the Debye length, and thus the increase of salt concentration, promotes the attraction of counterions and salt particles at the macroion surface. Excluded volume effects are also found to significantly influence the condensation process, which is found to be more important by decreasing the ion size.     

毫秒脉冲激光合成超细纳米金刚石

通过热力学和动力学的基本理论, 分析了毫秒脉冲激光照射石墨悬浮液合成超细纳米金刚石的机理. 在毫秒脉冲激光与石墨颗粒相互作用形成的碳蒸气羽中, 通过碳蒸气凝聚形成了金刚石核. 与纳秒脉冲激光相比, 毫秒脉冲激光具有较低的功率密度和较长的脉宽, 为金刚石核的生长提供了较小的过冷度, 使得金刚石核的生长速率减小; 而较小的生长速率也为金刚石表面形成sp2杂化结构提供了机会, 它可以有效降低金刚石核的表面能, 促使金刚石核稳定, 但表面的sp2杂化也阻止了金刚石核的外延. 以上两个原因决定了毫秒激光辐照石墨颗粒过程中只能获得超细的纳米金刚石.