CS2与大气颗粒物的多相催化反应研究

利用原位FTIR，XRD，XPS，BET，质谱和连续微量反应等手段研究了大气颗粒物及部分氧化物样品上CS2多相催化反应，确认了反应产物，并对催化剂的晶化状况和比表面积等进行了考察，结果表明，CS2在氧化物和大气颗粒物样品上发生氧化反尖，生成COS及单质硫，部分样品上生成CO2，活化状态下的[S]在大气颗粒物表面上能被进一步氧化为六价态硫。收信所得到的大报颗粒物样品成分主要是Ca(Al2Si2Os).4H2O;CS2在氧化物或大气颗粒物样品上催化生成COS是催化剂表面吸附氧的作用之故。     

SO_2在TiO_2颗粒物表面的非均相反应

使用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)原位反应器研究了SO2在TiO2颗粒物表面的非均相反应.研究了氧气浓度、相对湿度(RH)及紫外光光照对反应的影响.结果表明,SO2在TiO2颗粒物上可转化为亚硫酸盐或被氧化为硫酸盐.水汽或者紫外光照可促进SO2在TiO2颗粒物表面的非均相氧化反应,在两者都存在的情况下,对促进硫酸盐的生成有协同效应.在干态无光照条件下和一定湿度(RH=40%)紫外光照条件下,以硫酸盐的生成来计算,SO2在TiO2颗粒物表面的反应级数分别为二级和一级;反应摄取系数γBET分别为1.94×10-6和1.35×10-5.TiO2颗粒物表面的羟基参与了反应,在紫外光照下表面生成的活性氧物种在反应中起重要作用.     

大气复合污染及灰霾形成中非均相化学过程的作用

城市和区域大气复合污染的特征为污染源排放的一次污染物通过大气中的化学反应生成高浓度的氧化剂(臭氧等)及细颗粒物等二次污染物,它们在静稳天气下积累,导致低能见度的灰霾现象并严重影响人体健康和气候.大气复合污染中同时存在高浓度的一次排放和二次转化的气态及颗粒污染物,这为细颗粒表面非均相反应提供了充足的反应物;而气态污染物在细颗粒表面的非均相反应可改变大气氧化性及颗粒物的化学组分、物化性质和光学性质,从而可能对大气复合污染和灰霾的形成起到促进的作用.利用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱和单颗粒显微拉曼原位在线技术,我们对大气气态污染物NO2、SO2、O3、甲醛在CaCO3、高岭石、蒙脱石、NaCl、海盐、Al2O3和TiO2等大气主要颗粒物表面的反应进行了系统的反应动力学和机制研究,我们发现反应主要产物为硫酸盐、硝酸盐或甲酸盐,它们可极大改变颗粒物吸湿性和消光性质.通过分析这些非均相反应的动力学过程,我们识别出NO2-颗粒物-H2O、SO2-颗粒物-O3、有机物/SO2-颗粒物-光照等三元反应体系的协同作用机制,这些协同机制对于阐明大气复合污染及灰霾形成的反馈机制和非线性过程提供了实验证据和理论依据.     

大气瞬变物种CH3SOx(X=0～2)的研究现状

二甲基硫(DMS)是全球大气含硫化合物的最主要来源,CH3SOx(x=0～2)是DMS氧化过程中的最重要中间体.对CH3SOx(x=0～2)氧化反应的研究,在理解大气化学和环境保护方面有重要意义.本文对CH3SOx(x=0～2)自由基的产生、氧化反应及它们在大气中的作用进行综述,提出了现有的主要科学问题和今后的研究前景.     

甲醛在TiO_2颗粒物表面的非均相反应

使用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)原位反应器研究了甲醛在TiO2颗粒物表面的非均相反应,结合离子色谱定量分析了反应的主要产物甲酸盐,甲酸盐是由中间产物二氧亚甲基进一步氧化生成.研究了温度和紫外光照对反应的影响,结果表明升高温度和紫外光照可提高反应速率,推测了暗反应和紫外光照下甲醛在TiO2表面的非均相反应机制.结果表明常温下甲醛在TiO2颗粒物表面的反应级数接近2级,初始反应摄取系数为(0.5～5)×10-8([HCHO]:1×1013～2×1014molecule·cm-3),是甲醛浓度的一次函数,同时测定了表观活化能.     

乙烯和乙烷在CeO_2上温和条件下表面氧化反应的原位FT-IR研究

本文用原位FT-IR研究了CeO_2上O_2、C_2H_4和C_2H_6的吸附以及C_2H_4和C_2H_6的氧化反应。室温下吸附O_2后在CeO_2表面上形成超氧物种(O_2~-),吸附C_2H_4后在990cm~(-1)处检测到红外峰,归属为吸附C_2H_4与表面晶格氧形成的C-O键的振动频率。这些吸附物种在高于100℃时消失。室温下C_2H_6在CeO_2表面上未形成吸附态。C_2H_4在CeO_2表面上60℃即可发生氧化反应。在300℃以下,C_2H_4氧化后表面上主要形成甲酸根物种。当高于300℃时表面上主要是深度氧化的产物碳酸基物种。C_2H_6在CeO_2表面上200℃始被氧化为甲酸根物种,高于300℃时,表面上也主要形成碳酸基物种。在气相O_2存在下也得到与上述相同的结果。讨论了C_2H_4和C_2H_6的表面氧化机理以及表面氧物种的作用,认为在低于300℃时,参与C_2H_4和C_2H_6氧化的氧物种主要是表面晶格氧,超氧吸附物种可能在高于300℃时才参与反应。     

甲醛在α-Al2O3颗粒物表面的非均相反应研究

使用漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)原位反应器研究了273~333 K下甲醛与α-Al2O3颗粒物表面的非均相反应. 结果表明, 甲醛在α-Al2O3颗粒物表面生成产物主要为甲酸盐、二氧亚甲基以及少量多聚甲醛和吸附态甲醛, 甲酸盐是由中间产物二氧亚甲基进一步氧化生成的. 在293 K下, 甲醛在α-Al2O3颗粒物表面的反应级数为0.81±0.05, 以样品池几何面积计算的初始摄取系数γ0GEO为(2.3±0.5)×10-5, 以颗粒物BET面积计算的初始摄取系数γ0BET为(9.4±1.7)×10-9, 表观活化能为33.5 kJ/mol.     

锌-钴双金属氰化络合物催化二硫化碳与氧化环己烯共聚研究

报道了锌-钴双金属氰化络合物(double metal cyanide complex,DMCC)催化CS2与氧化环己烯(CHO)直接共聚生成脂环族聚硫代碳酸酯的反应.傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)及拉曼(Raman)光谱结果表明该共聚物端基为-OH和-SH结构;核磁共振(1H和13C-NMR)结果表明共聚物主链含碳酸酯-O(CO)O-链节和4种硫代碳酸酯-O(CO)S-、-S(CO)S-、-O(CS)S-和-S(CS)S-链节结构;气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用结果表明产物中含有环硫环己烷及3种环状硫代碳酸酯.聚合物链结构和产物种类表明CS2/CHO共聚反应存在氧-硫原子交换反应过程.     

银表面甲醇氧化反应机理的ab initio计算研究 Ⅰ.银表面静态吸附物种的几何构型和吸附性质

本文用原子簇模型(CM)的从头计算方法,计算了银表面甲醇氧化反应中的静态吸附物种的优化几何构型及吸附性质.计算表明在清洁银表面甲醇、甲醛只存在物理吸附;当表面存在吸附氧原子时,甲醇可在银表面形成两种分子态吸附;甲醛与表面羟基OH_(a)或氢原子H_(a)共存时在银表面能够形成化学吸附,且CH_2O_(a)极易与O_(a)反应生成深度氧化中间体η~2-甲二氧基;中间产物甲氧基在无氧的银表面能够形成稳定吸附,在富氧银表面极易进一步氧化脱氢生成产物甲醛.通过计算与实验结果的对照,我们对反应机理作了初步讨论.     

稀土氧化钐上甲烷氧化偶联反应的FT—IR研究

用傅里哀变换红外(FT-IR)光谱原位考察了稀土氧化钐上甲烷氧化偶联反应及乙烯,乙烷的氧化反应。在700℃以下,甲烷,乙烯和乙烷分别与氧化钐表面反应时,除检测到表面碳酸基外,未观察到其它表面物种。这些表面碳酸基物种只有在700℃以上才大部分脱附,在氧存在下,高于700℃时这些低碳烃的完全氧化很显著,但在内循环反应体系中发现过量的气相CO_2可抑制烃类的深度氧化。甲烷的偶联反应在700℃以上才可明显观察到。而大部分表面碳酸基也在700℃以上才脱附,但经脱碳酸基或高温氧化处理后的氧化钐上均未明显观察到O~-物种的ESR峰。本文认为经高温脱碳酸基后形成的表面配位不饱和氧物种O~(δ-)(1<δ<2)在甲烷氧化偶联反应中起主要作用。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.