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1.
淡水资源已成为战略性资源,未来和平与可持续发展将与净水及淡水的获得息息相关。正渗透技术是目前国际上最前沿、最具潜力的水净化和脱盐技术,因其能耗极低而成为该领域的研究热点。正渗透膜作为正渗透关键技术之一,已经引发了新一轮的研究热潮。本文以正渗透膜的分离性能为核心概述了正渗透膜的发展历程,按正渗透膜制备方法进行分类,分别介绍了近几年来相转化正渗透膜、薄层复合正渗透膜和化学改性正渗透膜中的主要和新兴膜材料、结构特点及研究进展等,最后探讨和展望了正渗透膜今后的研发方向。  相似文献   

2.
渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离膜材料   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
芳烃/烷烃混合物的分离在石油化工及环保领域都具有重大意义.与传统的萃取精馏等技术相比,渗透汽化膜技术以其清洁、节能和高效的优点,应用于芳烃/烷烃混合物的分离并受到重视.本文综述了渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离膜的研究进展,概述了渗透汽化技术的基本原理和应用,重点介绍了用于渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离的聚酰亚胺、聚氨酯等高分子膜材料的结构特点和分离性能.总结了膜材料的接枝、共聚和共混,添加传质促进剂的改性方法.分析了渗透汽化芳烃,烷烃分离膜材料的研究思路,在此基础上对渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离膜材料的研究方向和发展前景进行了展望.  相似文献   

3.
渗透汽化优先透醇分离膜   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
展侠  李继定  黄军其  陈翠仙 《化学进展》2008,20(9):1416-1426
20世纪70年代的能源危机促使了人们对可再生能源-发酵法制备乙醇与节能分离工艺的探求。渗透汽化膜分离技术作为一种新兴的膜分离技术,具有分离效率高、低能耗、易于和发酵装置耦合、易于与其它分离方法联用等显著优点,特别适用于乙醇/水等恒沸混合物体系的分离。本文简要介绍了渗透汽化优先透醇膜的研究背景,总结并分析了用于指导膜材料选择的理论,详细介绍了用于制备优先透醇膜的含硅聚合物、含氟聚合物、有机/无机复合膜材料以及其他聚合物等膜材料的的结构特点、改性方法及膜材料分子结构与渗透汽化性能间的关系,并对不同膜材料对乙醇/水的渗透汽化分离性能进行了总结比较,在此基础上总结了目前渗透汽化乙醇/水分离膜存在的问题,并对其未来的研究方向和发展前景进行了展望。  相似文献   

4.
合成了高强度亲水性含羧基聚噁二唑材料(POD-COOH)和含氨基金属有机框架材料(NH2-MIL-125), 以NH2-MIL-125为填料, 与POD-COOH基体材料进行溶液共混, 并通过溶液浇铸法制备系列新型自支撑复合正渗透膜, 研究NH2-MIL-125的引入对复合正渗透膜结构和性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 所制备的系列复合正渗透膜均呈致密结构, 且随着NH2-MIL-125含量的增加, 复合膜的表面亲水性增加、 电负性增强, 并保持良好的机械性能. 以去离子水为进料液, 1.5 mol/L硫酸钠溶液为汲取液, 对上述自支撑复合膜进行正渗透性能测试, 发现由于消除了传统正渗透膜支撑层的内浓差极化现象, 该新型复合正渗透膜在分离过程中具有优异的正渗透性能.  相似文献   

5.
合成了高强度亲水性含羧基聚■二唑材料(POD-COOH)和含氨基金属有机框架材料(NH_2-MIL-125),以NH_2-MIL-125为填料,与POD-COOH基体材料进行溶液共混,并通过溶液浇铸法制备系列新型自支撑复合正渗透膜,研究NH_2-MIL-125的引入对复合正渗透膜结构和性能的影响.研究结果表明,所制备的系列复合正渗透膜均呈致密结构,且随着NH2-MIL-125含量的增加,复合膜的表面亲水性增加、电负性增强,并保持良好的机械性能.以去离子水为进料液,1. 5 mol/L硫酸钠溶液为汲取液,对上述自支撑复合膜进行正渗透性能测试,发现由于消除了传统正渗透膜支撑层的内浓差极化现象,该新型复合正渗透膜在分离过程中具有优异的正渗透性能.  相似文献   

6.
多元分离体系在膜内传递过程中 ,其分离特性不仅受渗透组分与膜材料之间的相互作用的影响 ,同时也受控于膜内组分间的耦合效应的影响 .研究了渗透组分在膜界面上的溶胀分配关系 ,从理论上描述了溶胀过程中的耦合效应 .讨论了渗透组分在扩散传递过程中膜内各组分所形成的浓度场分布 ,以此研究了强相互作用下膜过程中的传递行为 .对乙醇 水体系在壳聚糖膜和硫酸交联壳聚糖膜的渗透汽化实验结果表明了耦合效应的存在以及对分离性能的影响  相似文献   

7.
膜分离技术具有绿色、高效、低能耗等特点.聚酰亚胺膜具有优异的气体分离性能及机械性能,但在分离高压天然气及生物气时,聚酰亚胺膜易被CO2溶胀塑化,导致膜的选择性下降.近年来,已经报道了多种可用于提高聚酰亚胺膜抗溶胀的技术.本文介绍了由于CO2渗透引起的聚合物膜塑化机理,并详述了热退火、热交联、化学交联、热重排、与纳米材料共混及与聚合物共混等用于抑制聚酰亚胺膜塑化的方法,提出了用于天然气及生物气分离的膜材料,未来的主要研究方向是开发同时具备高气体渗透性及高抗CO2塑化的聚酰亚胺膜材料.  相似文献   

8.
董航  张林  陈欢林  高从堦 《化学进展》2014,(12):2007-2018
以反渗透、纳滤为代表的膜技术已广泛应用于海水和苦咸水脱盐等水处理过程。通过将纳米颗粒添加到传统复合膜基质中,可以制备具有高分离性能和耐污染性的新型膜材料。混合基质膜结合了无机材料及有机聚合物各自的优点,是新型水处理膜材料的发展方向。本文综述了添加无机纳米颗粒的混合基质反渗透、纳滤及正渗透膜的研究进展,详细讨论了不同类型纳米材料的性质和功能,分析了表面有机改性对改善纳米材料分散性以及与聚合物基质相容性的作用,探讨了纳米材料添加方式和膜制备方法对膜结构和性能的影响。在此基础上,进一步探究了混合基质膜的成膜及分离机理,归纳了目前研究中存在的主要问题,并对未来水处理膜材料的研发方向提出了建议。  相似文献   

9.
渗透汽化分离芳烃/烷烃混合体系的研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
杨立明  徐利文  郭勇 《化学进展》2001,13(4):303-309
本文对近年来应用于分离芳香烃/ 烷烃混合体系的渗透汽化(简称PV ) 膜材料, 特别是高分子材料进行了较为系统的综述, 并简要概述了渗透汽化膜分离特点、机制以及影响渗透汽化分离过程的主要因素。  相似文献   

10.
Zr(Ⅳ)/PVA功能膜的膜催化酯化反应研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
在催化与渗透汽化分离技术相偶合的渗透汽化型膜反应器中,研究了羧酸酯的液相合成反应.实验中制备了两类具有强酸催化活性的zr(Ⅳ)/PVA(聚乙烯醇)功能膜,采用管式膜方式,以乙酸正丁酯的合成反应为探针,对这类新型的催化反应技术在催化活性、分离性能以及分离对反应转化的影响等方面进行了探索性研究。从得到的结果看,膜催化酯化反应过程的反应条件和缓,转化率可达到98%,反应的选择性为100%.  相似文献   

11.
This review addressed the fundamental principles, advantages and challenges of forward osmosis (FO) membrane processes. FO is receiving more and more research attractions because it can concurrently produce clean water with low energy input and generate hydraulic energy (pressure retarded osmosis). FO typically requires zero or low hydraulic driving pressure, therefore the fouling potential of the FO membranes is much lower than conventional pressure-driven membrane processes. However, concentration polarization (CP), especially the internal CP significantly reduces the effective osmotic pressure across the FO membrane, the major driving force for the filtration process. As a result, innovative FO membrane materials like electrospun nanofibers have been explored to make low tortuosity, high porosity, and thin FO membranes with a high rejection rate of solutes and low or zero diffusion of the draw solute. The orientation of the FO membrane with active layer-facing-feed solution has less fouling than active layer-facing-draw solution. In addition, to further decrease the fouling potential, a hydrophilic and more negatively charged membrane is preferred when filtration of natural organic matter (NOM) or alginate in the absence of multivalent cations.  相似文献   

12.
In present work, first, the water-stable metal–organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals, UiO-66-(F)4, were synthesized under green reaction condition and then some PES/PA thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes were prepared using this synthesized nanocrystals (as modifier) and polyethersulfone (as the substrate). The obtained MOF and membranes were characterized by various characterization techniques such as FE-SEM, AFM, PXRD, contact angle measurements and FT-IR spectroscopy. Finally, the forward osmosis performance of the resultant membranes was evaluated by using different concentrations of NaCl as a draw solution and deionized water as a feed solution. Among all used membranes, the membrane with 0.1 wt% loading of UiO-66-(F)4 (TFN-2) was found to be an efficient composite membrane in the FO performance with high Jw and low Js/Jw.  相似文献   

13.
王少飞  虞源  吴青芸 《高分子学报》2020,(4):385-392,I0004
以聚多巴胺/聚乙烯亚胺(PDA/PEI)共沉积于三醋酸纤维素(CTA)多孔支撑膜表面形成中间层,再结合界面聚合法获得聚酰胺薄膜,构建了PDA/PEI共沉积中间层改性薄膜复合(TFC)正渗透(FO)膜.通过傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、溶质截留法、水接触角仪等研究了PDA/PEI共沉积中间层对CTA膜和TFC膜的表面结构和性质的影响.研究结果表明,PDA/PEI共沉积使得CTA膜表面变得更为平滑,表面孔径减小至(30.0±4.1) nm,且表面孔径分布趋于均一.同时,在PDA/PEI共沉积改性CTA膜表面界面聚合得到的聚酰胺层呈现出更均匀的叶片状结构和优异的亲水性.基于此,具有PDA/PEI共沉积中间层的TFC正渗透膜显著提高了水通量(FO模式:(7.1±2.3) L/(m^2·h)),较空白TFC膜提升了57.6%.同时,中间层改性TFC膜具有更低的反向盐通量(FO模式:1.4±0.1 g/(m^2·h))和"净盐通量"(FO模式:(0.2±0.06) g/L),与空白TFC膜相比分别下降了83.9%和90.6%.说明PDA/PEI共沉积中间层不仅能有效提升TFC正渗透膜的水渗透性,而且大幅提升了膜的截盐性和渗透选择性.  相似文献   

14.
正渗透具有低能耗、低污染、高回收等特点,其应用范围非常广泛。具有高渗透压的驱动液是正渗透技术的核心问题。正渗透驱动液的类型有直接利用型和循环利用型,后者包括NH3/CO2汲取液、磁性驱动液、有机化合物驱动液和无机化合物驱动液。随着正渗透驱动技术的发展,驱动液已从简单的盐类、糖类转变为功能性物质。正渗透技术发展空间巨大,将成为解决困扰人类可持续发展的水资源和能源问题的关键技术之一。  相似文献   

15.
采用木质素磺酸钠作为亲水添加剂,通过浸没沉淀相转化法制备了木质素磺酸钠共混改性聚砜膜,以改善聚砜膜的亲水性,并用作正渗透膜的支撑层,以降低内浓差极化效应.利用扫描电子显微镜、衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、水接触角仪等研究了不同木质素磺酸钠添加量对聚砜膜的结构和表面性质的影响.结果表明,添加木质素磺酸钠后,聚砜膜的指状孔变得规整且狭长.水接触角实验证实添加木质素磺酸钠能改善聚砜膜的亲水性,当木质素磺酸钠含量为0.4 wt%时,聚砜膜的表面水接触角可降低至65°.正/反渗透测试装置分别用于表征正渗透膜的传质性质和结构参数.结果表明,以0.4 wt%木质素磺酸钠改性聚砜膜为支撑层的正渗透膜的水渗透性能(A=3.12×10~(-5) LMH×Pa~(-1))优于纯聚砜基底正渗透膜(0.76×10~(-5)LMH×Pa~(-1)),而且前者的结构参数(S=2010mm)远小于后者(3450mm),说明木质素磺酸钠改性聚砜膜有效弱化了正渗透膜的内浓差极化效应.  相似文献   

16.
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) was investigated as a viable source of renewable energy. In PRO, water from a low salinity feed solution permeates through a membrane into a pressurized, high salinity draw solution; power is obtained by depressurizing the permeate through a hydroturbine. A PRO model was developed to predict water flux and power density under specific experimental conditions. The model relies on experimental determination of the membrane water permeability coefficient (A), the membrane salt permeability coefficient (B), and the solute resistivity (K). A and B were determined under reverse osmosis conditions, while K was determined under forward osmosis (FO) conditions. The model was tested using experimental results from a bench-scale PRO system. Previous investigations of PRO were unable to verify model predictions due to the lack of suitable membranes and membrane modules. In this investigation, the use of a custom-made laboratory-scale membrane module enabled the collection of experimental PRO data. Results obtained with a flat-sheet cellulose triacetate (CTA) FO membrane and NaCl feed and draw solutions closely matched model predictions. Maximum power densities of 2.7 and 5.1 W/m2 were observed for 35 and 60 g/L NaCl draw solutions, respectively, at 970 kPa of hydraulic pressure. Power density was substantially reduced due to internal concentration polarization in the asymmetric CTA membranes and, to a lesser degree, to salt passage. External concentration polarization was found to exhibit a relatively small effect on reducing the osmotic pressure driving force. Using the predictive PRO model, optimal membrane characteristics and module configuration can be determined in order to design a system specifically tailored for PRO processes.  相似文献   

17.
For the first time, the potential of polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofiltration membrane as a forward osmosis membrane has been investigated. PBI was chosen mainly because of its unique nanofiltration characteristics, robust mechanical strength and excellent chemical stability. The MgCl2 solutions with different concentrations and other different salt solutions were employed as draw solutions to test the water permeation flux through the PBI membrane during forward osmosis. High water permeation flux and excellent salt selectivity were achieved by using the PBI nanofiltration membrane which has a narrow pore size distribution. Effects of membrane morphology, operation conditions and flowing patterns of two feed streams within the membrane module on water transport performance have been investigated. It may conclude that PBI nanofiltration membrane is a promising candidate as a forward osmosis (FO) membrane.  相似文献   

18.
《中国化学快报》2021,32(9):2882-2886
Zero-dimensional carbon dots have emerged as important nanofillers for the separation membrane due to their small specific size and rich surface functional groups. This study proposed a strategy based on hydrophobic carbon dots (HCDs) to regulate water channels for an efficient forward osmosis (FO) membrane. Thin-film composite (TFC) membranes with superior FO performance are fabricated by introducing HCDs as the nanofiller in the polyacrylonitrile support layer. The introduction of HCDs promotes the formation of the support layer with coherent finger-like hierarchical channels and micro-convex structure and an integrated polyamide active layer. Compared to the original membrane, TFC-FO membrane with 10 wt% HCDs exhibits high water flux (15.47 L m−2 h−1) and low reverse salt flux (2.9 g m−2 h−1) using 1 mol/L NaCl as the draw solution. This improved FO performance is attributed to the lower structural parameters of HCDs-induced water channels and alleviated internal concentration polarization. Thus, this paper provides a feasible strategy to design the membrane structure and boost FO performance.  相似文献   

19.
Here, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were fabricated via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) using dopamine (DA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the hydrophilic additives, which has a loose surface and somewhat improved hydrophilicity. Then nanofiltration (NF)-like thin-film composite forward osmosis (TFC FO) membrane with a loose polyamide (PA) active layer on the blend membrane was synthesized via the interfacial polymerization. The as-prepared NF-like TFC FO membrane exhibited a high water flux (Jw) of 29.98 L m−2 h−1 and a much low specific salt flux (Js/Jw) of 0.018 g/L, when 0.6 M NaCl was used as draw solution (DS). It had a superior rejection of malachite green (99.6% ± 0.1%) and a low rejection of NaCl (27.4% ± 4.2%), when filtrated malachite green/NaCl mixture solution in active layer-facing draw solution (AL-FS) mode. The results provide new insights on the design and preparation of FO membranes of selective separation for dyes from salty water.  相似文献   

20.
膜法苦咸水淡化过程中,符合环境保护要求的浓排水处理方法成本高昂,所以只有当回收率达到较高值时,在实际运行中才具有经济可行性。目前,在不加剧膜污染的条件下进一步提高苦咸水淡化系统回收率的方法已成为该领域研究热点。本文详细综述了高回收率膜法苦咸水淡化工艺的应用研究进展,包括基于反渗透、纳滤、正渗透、膜蒸馏、电渗析和电容去离子化淡化工艺过程,以及这些过程面临的热点问题,并对此提出了建议。  相似文献   

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