Preparation of benzoheterocycles containing a chlorofluoromethyl group using the ‘Yarovenko reagent’

ortho-Bifunctional benzenes such as 2-aminophenol o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminothiophenol, 2-aminobenzamide and catechol reacted very easily with 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyldiethlylamine, the ‘Yarovenko reagent,’ affording 2-(chlorofluoromethyl)benzoxazole, -benzoimidazole, -benzothiazole, 2-(chlorofluoromethyl)-4-quinazolone and 2-diethylamino-2-(chlorofluoromethyl)dioxole respectively.     

Et3B-induced radical addition of N,N-dichlorosulfonamide to alkenes and pyrrolidine formation via radical annulation

A highly regioselective radical addition of N,N-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide (dichloramine-B) to 1-alkenes is achieved at -78 degrees C by the use of triethylborane as a radical initiator. The reaction of 1,3-dienes with N,N-dichlorosulfonamide in the presence of Et(3)B regioselectively provides N-chloro-N-allylamide derivatives. N-chloro-N-allylamides thus obtained react with a variety of alkenes to furnish pyrrolidine derivatives in good yields. A radical annulation reaction among N,N-dichlorosulfonamide, 1,3-dienes, and alkenes has been developed.     

Studies on sulfinatodehalogenation: VIII. Sodium dithionite-initiated perfluoroalkyl radical addition on double bond

Perfluoroalkyl iodides reacted with sodium dithionite by radical process to give sulfinatodeiodination products, so it seems possible to trap the intermediary perfluoroalkyl radical chemically. Alkenes were added as the radical trap and the radical addition products of perfluoroalkyl iodides with alkenes were obtained. The products were 1:1 adducts or oligomers, varying according to the nature of alkenes used. The formation and the orientation of the addition of these products showed that radicals did take part in the reaction. The relative reactivity of addition reaction and sulfinatodeiodination and the effect of inhibitor on the reaction was also discussed.     

酞菁铁催化烯烃自由基膦叠氮化反应:利用叠氮快速转移合成膦叠氮的温和方法

含氮和磷原子的化合物是生命系统中不可缺少的组成部分,由于其独特的化学、生物和物理性质,已被广泛应用于农业化学、材料科学和制药学.如果一个有机化合物同时含有氮和磷原子,它可能因为胺和膦/磷酸盐基团的协同作用而具有额外的功能.2015年赵玉芬院士和唐果教授报道了一例自由基叠氮膦酰化的例子,该反应虽然有效,但因需使用化学剂量的氧化性自由基引发剂Mn(OAc)3·2H2O,因此,有必要发展一种更环保经济的方法.本文报道了铁催化烯烃的分子间自由基膦叠氮化反应.该方法使用了微量的催化剂,通过自由基接力与叠氮基团转移实现分子间自由基膦叠氮化反应.实验先进行条件筛选,考察了催化剂类型、催化剂用量、氧化剂类型、溶剂和温度对反应的影响,确定以酞菁铁为催化剂,叔丁基过氧化氢(TBHP)为引发剂,乙腈为溶剂,苯乙烯、叠氮基三甲基硅烷、二苯基膦酰为模板反应底物为最佳条件,实现了二苯基膦酰对烯烃的自由基膦酰基叠氮化反应.在最优条件下进行底物拓展,制备得到27种膦叠氮化合物,产率为23％～88％.以制得的膦叠氮产物为起始原料,通过叠氮还原和Click反应制备得到三种衍生物,产率为82％～97％,可作为药物合成中间体进行下一步研究.本文还进行了机理实验和理论计算.在自由基钟实验和自由基捕获实验中,通过两种不同速率的自由基开环反应与自由基捕获反应证实了反应的自由基路径.质谱检测到酞菁铁羟基(PcFeⅢOH)和酞菁铁叠氮(PcFeⅢN3)的存在.采用密度泛函理论计算了不同自旋态下的酞菁铁(PcFe),以确定可能的催化剂种类,并计算出三重态3pcFe最稳定.从三重态3pcFe开始计算铁催化叔丁基过氧化氢的单电子转移,并计算了从叔丁氧基自由基开始的自由基接力,证实了膦酰苄基自由基的形成是最有利的途径;研究结果发现膦酰苄基自由基能与4pcFe(N3)反应,发生叠氮基团转移生成目标产物.在叠氮基团转移计算中,考察了四种合理的途径,分别是苄基在三重态或五重态势能面接近叠氮基团的内部或端位氮原子(Ni和Nt).结果 表明,叠氮基团从叠氮基酞菁铁(Ⅲ)物种(PcFeⅢN3)转移到苄基自由基的活化能(4.8 kcal/mol)极低.据此催化循环机理可能为:酞菁铁首先与叔丁基过氧化氢发生单电子转移形成酞菁铁羟基中间体及叔丁氧自由基;然后,二苯基膦酰的氢原子被叔丁氧自由基攫取生成二苯基膦酰自由基,并加成至苯乙烯形成苄基自由基.同时,酞菁铁羟基中间体与HN3进行配体交换形成酞菁铁叠氮中间体,最后与苄基自由基进行叠氮基团转移生成产物,并重新生成酞菁铁(Ⅱ).本文证实了铁催化叠氮化反应的自由基基团转移机理(外球机理),因为很难想象如何在酞菁铁的同侧同时加成叠氮与苄基基团,通过生成高价铁物种(PcFe-N3·)的内球机理得到产物.该工作将有助于启发更多的金属催化机理研究.     

Search for high reactivity and low selectivity of radicals toward double bonds: the case of a tetrazole-derived thiyl radical

The search for new radical structures having both low selectivity and high reactivity toward the addition reaction onto alkenes can be of interest in organic synthesis or polymer chemistry and has led us to propose a new tetrazole-derived thiyl radical. The reactivity of this sulfur-centered structure is compared to that of an aminoalkyl radical also efficient for alkene addition Worthwhile results are obtained; the new structure is more reactive on the complete range of alkenes with addition rate constants higher than 107 M(-1) s(-1) for both electron-deficient (acrylonitrile, ...) or electron-rich (vinylether, ...) double bonds. Quantum mechanical calculations have allowed a better understanding of this unique feature.     

Electrochemical Intramolecular Aminooxygenation of Unactivated Alkenes

An electrochemical approach to the intramolecular aminooxygenation of unactivated alkenes has been developed. This process is based on the addition of nitrogen‐centered radicals, generated through electrochemical oxidation, to alkenes followed by trapping of the cyclized radical intermediate with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl radical (TEMPO). Difunctionalization of a variety of alkenes with easily available carbamates/amides and TEMPO affords aminooxygenation products in high yields and with excellent trans selectivity for cyclic systems (d.r. up to>20:1). The approach provides a much‐needed complementary route to existing cis‐selective methods.     

Radical polymerization of 1‐alkenes catalyzed by lithium salts of carboranes

Radical polymerization of selected 1‐alkenes, (1‐hexene, 1‐octene and 2‐methyl‐1‐heptene), initiated with classical radical initiators and catalyzed by lithium salts of selected carboranes was studied. In accordance with recently published results it was found that the use of radical initiators under catalysis by “naked” lithium cation of carboranes promotes the radical polymerization of 1‐alkenes, otherwise nonpolymerizable by the radical mechanism. However, although in our experiments relatively high monomers conversions are reached for some of the thermal initiators used, only low‐molecular‐weight oligomers with M_n < 1000 are formed, regardless of the initiator and carborane anion used. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Intermolecular Radical Carbofluorination of Non‐activated Alkenes

The Meerwein arylation has recently become an even more powerful tool for the functionalization of alkenes. Besides the attachment of an aryl group, radical reactions of this type allow the introduction of several different heteroatoms and a broad variety of alkenes are meanwhile tolerated as substrates. Closing a long‐standing gap of the methodology, this communication describes the first intermolecular Meerwein‐type carbofluorination. In metal‐free reactions, arylalkyl fluorides were obtained from arylhydrazines and alkenes with Selectfluor acting as oxidant and as radical fluorine source.     

Theoretical calculation of activation energy barrier from vibrational frequencies for the reaction of O (3P) with CHFCl

The reaction of the oxygen atom with the chlorofluoromethyl radical has been investigated fully by the B3LYP method at the 6‐311++G** basis set level. Two new approaches of the adiabatic (actual) activation energy between all of the intermediates and transition states (TSs) are calculated using the computed frequencies. TSs are activated species: When intermediates agitated spectrographically, the TSs come into being. So the vibrational quantum number ν must be taken into account, and the agitated radicals can be considered as a whole to calculate the adiabatic activation energy, or the potential energy barrier. All IMs and TSs are assigned to their spectroscopic terms to determine the vibrational quantum numbers. This appears to be a good way to estimate activation energy barriers of all reaction channels. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/qua.2002;10126     

Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Amination of Unactivated Internal Alkenes

A copper‐catalyzed oxidative amination of unactivated internal alkenes has been developed. The Wacker‐type oxidative alkene amination reaction is traditionally catalyzed by a palladium through a mechanism involving aminopalladation and β‐hydride elimination. Replacing the precious and scarce palladium with a cheap and abundant copper for this transformation has been challenging because of the difficulty associated with the aminocupration of internal alkenes. The combination of a simple copper salt, without additional ligand, as the catalyst and Dess–Martin periodinane as the oxidant, promotes efficiently the oxidative amination of allylic carbamates and ureas bearing di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes leading to oxazolidinones and imidazolidinones. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested a hybrid radical–organometallic mechanism involving an amidyl radical cyclization to form the key C?N bond.     

Iron-mediated radical halo-nitration of alkenes

Radical halo-nitration of alkenes using iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate and halogen salt has been developed. The present reaction proceeds by radical addition of nitrogen dioxide generated by thermal decomposition of iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate and subsequent trapping of the resultant radical by a halogen atom in the presence of halogen salt. Application of this method to synthesis of nitroalkenes is also described. The practicality of the present method using nontoxic and inexpensive iron reagents has been shown by the application to broad alkenes.     

A mild oxidative aryl radical addition into alkenes by aerobic oxidation of arylhydrazines

A mild and practical oxyarylation of alkenes by oxidative radical addition has been developed by using aerobic oxidation of hydrazine compounds. The use of a catalytic amount of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]?3 H₂O) and water accelerated this radical reaction to give peroxides or alcohols from simple alkenes in good yields. The environmentally friendly and economical radical reactions were achieved at room temperature in the presence of iron catalyst, oxygen gas, and water. A method involving aniline as a radical precursor is also described.     

The mechanism of the addition of tetrahaloalkanes to alkenes in the presence of RuCl2(PPh3)3

The addition of tetrahaloalkanes to alkenes in the presence of [RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃] has been examined in detail and it is suggested that it proceeds by a non-chain catalysed mechanism involving free radical intermediates.     

Mechanism of the diphenyldisulfone-catalyzed isomerization of alkenes. Origin of the chemoselectivity: experimental and quantum chemistry studies

Polysulfone- and diphenyldisulfone-catalyzed alkene isomerizations are much faster for 2-alkyl-1-alkenes than for linear, terminal alkenes. The mechanism of these reactions has been investigated experimentally for the isomerization of methylidenecyclopentane into 1-methylcyclopentene, and theoretically [CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations] for the reactions of propene and 2-methylpropene with a methanesulfonyl radical, MeSO2*. On heating, polysulfones and (PhSO2)2 equilibrate with sulfonyl radicals, RSO2*. The latter abstract allylic hydrogen atoms in one-step processes giving allylic radical/RSO2H pairs that recombine within the solvent cage producing the corresponding isomerized alkene and RSO2*. The sulfinic acid, RSO2H, can diffuse out from the solvent cage (H/D exchange with MeOD,D2O) and reduce an allyl radical. Calculations did not support other possible mechanisms such as hydrogen exchange between alkenes, electron transfer, or addition/elimination process. Kinetic deuterium isotopic effects measured for the (PhSO2)2-catalyzed isomerization of methylidenecyclopentane and deuterated analogues and calculated for the H abstraction from 2-methylpropene and deuterated analogues by CH3SO2* are consistent also with the one-step hydrogen transfer mechanism. The high chemoselectivity for this reaction is not governed by an exothermicity difference but by a difference in ionization energies of the alkenes. Calculations for CH3SO2* + propene and CH3SO2* + 2-methylpropene show a charge transfer of 0.34 and 0.38 electron, respectively, from the alkenes to the sulfonyl radical in the transition states of these hydrogen abstractions.     

Cyclopropanation of Terminal Alkenes through Sequential Atom‐Transfer Radical Addition/1,3‐Elimination

An operationally simple method to affect an atom‐transfer radical addition of commercially available ICH₂Bpin to terminal alkenes has been developed. The intermediate iodide can be transformed in a one‐pot process into the corresponding cyclopropane upon treatment with a fluoride source. This method is highly selective for the cyclopropanation of unactivated terminal alkenes over non‐terminal alkenes and electron‐deficient alkenes. Due to the mildness of the procedure, a wide range of functional groups such as esters, amides, alcohols, ketones, and vinylic cyclopropanes are well tolerated.     

A convenient tin-free procedure for radical carboazidation and azidation

The radical carboazidation of alkenes has been achieved in water with triethylborane as initiator. This efficient process is complete in 1 h at room temperature in an open system. These new tin-free carboazidation conditions are environmentally friendly and allow running reactions with an excess of either the alkene or the radical precursor. They are also suitable for simple radical azidation of alkyl iodides as well as for more complex cascade reactions involving annulation processes.     

Radical [3+2] annulation of N-allyl-N-chlorotosylamide with alkenes via atom-transfer process

[reaction: see text]. A radical [3+2] annulation reaction with an N-centered radical has been developed. The reaction of alkenes with N-allyl-N-chlorotosylamide yields the corresponding pyrrolidine derivatives in good yields in the presence of Et3B as a radical initiator.     

Organocatalyzed arylalkylation of activated alkenes via decarboxylation of PhI(O2CR)2: efficient synthesis of oxindoles

A novel organocatalyzed arylalkylation of activated alkenes has been developed. This reaction was initiated from the decomposition of PhI(O₂CR)₂ to generate alkyl radical, followed by addition to alkenes. Then the formed radical was trapped by aromatic ring to generate the cyclized products. This method presents an efficient road to synthesis of a variety of oxindoles.     

A Visible‐Light‐Driven Iminyl Radical‐Mediated C−C Single Bond Cleavage/Radical Addition Cascade of Oxime Esters

A room‐temperature, visible‐light‐driven N‐centered iminyl radical‐mediated and redox‐neutral C?C single bond cleavage/radical addition cascade reaction of oxime esters and unsaturated systems has been accomplished. The strategy tolerates a wide range of O‐acyl oximes and unsaturated systems, such as alkenes, silyl enol ethers, alkynes, and isonitrile, enabling highly selective formation of various chemical bonds. This method thus provides an efficient approach to various diversely substituted cyano‐containing alkenes, ketones, carbocycles, and heterocycles.     

Reductive desulfurization of allylic thiols by HS-/H2S in water gives clue to chemical reactions widespread in natural environments

The reduction of allylic thiols to alkenes by hydrogen sulfide in aqueous solutions, a novel reaction that may explain reduction processes widely occurring in natural environments, has been discovered. Its mechanism has been studied and suggested to follow an S(RN)1-like pathway involving radical intermediates undergoing 1,4 hydrogen shifts. [reaction: see text]