氢和硫原子在Pd、Au和Cu及PdAu、PdCu合金(111)表面吸附的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论研究了氢和硫原子在金属Pd、Au、Cu以及合金PdM3、Pd2M2 和Pd3M(111)表面的吸附(M=Au, Cu), 得到了覆盖率为0.25时最稳定的吸附位、结合能以及吸附前后表面的驰豫情况. 结果表明, 氢和硫均与Pd形成最稳定的吸附, Cu次之, Au的吸附最弱, 其在三种纯金属(111)表面的最稳定吸附位均为fcc位. 由于PdAu合金具有较大的晶格常数, Pd3Au 合金吸附氢的结合能甚至较纯Pd更大, 除此之外, 氢和硫在PdM合金表面的吸附基本随M组分的增加而减弱, 而最稳定的吸附位随金属种类和组成变化而变化. 根据计算得到的吸附结合能, 发现与PdCu合金相比, PdAu合金在Au含量较低(约25%, 摩尔分数)时, 氢和硫吸附的结合能下降较慢, 而Au含量较高(跃50%)时, 结合能迅速下降, 这表明含金量为25%-50%的PdAu合金有可能在保持相近透氢性能的同时, 比PdCu合金具有更好的抗硫毒性.     

贵金属原子在CeO2(111)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了贵金属原子(Au、Pd、Pt和Rh)在CeO₂(111)表面的吸附行为。结果表明,Au吸附在氧顶位最稳定,Pd、Pt倾向吸附于氧桥位,而Rh在洞位最稳定。当金属原子吸附在氧顶位时,吸附强度依次为Pt > Rh > Pd > Au。Pd、Pt与Rh吸附后在Ce 4f、O 2p电子峰间出现掺杂峰;Au未出现掺杂电子峰,其d电子峰与表面O 2p峰在-4～-1 eV重叠。态密度分析表明,Au吸附在氧顶位、Pd与Pt吸附在桥位、Rh吸附在洞位时,金属与CeO₂(111)表面氧原子作用较强,这与Bader电荷分析结果相一致。     

A density functional theory study of the noble metal adsorption on the CeO2(111) surface

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了贵金属原子(Au、Pd、Pt和Rh)在CeO2( 111)表面的吸附行为.结果表明,Au吸附在氧顶位最稳定,Pd、Pt倾向吸附于氧桥位,而Rh在洞位最稳定.当金属原子吸附在氧顶位时,吸附强度依次为Pt ＞Rh＞ Pd＞Au.Pd、Pt与Rh吸附后在Ce 4 f、O2p电子峰间出现掺杂峰;Au未出现掺杂电子峰,其d电子峰与表面O2p峰在-4 -1 eV重叠.态密度分析表明,Au吸附在氧顶位、Pd与Pt吸附在桥位、Rh吸附在洞位时,金属与CeO2(111)表面氧原子作用较强,这与Bader电荷分析结果相一致.     

CO2在金属表面活化的能学方法研究

应用UBI-QEP方法, 估算了CO2-在金属表面的吸附热, 并计算了CO2在Cu(111)、Pd(111)、Fe(111)、Ni(111)表面的各种反应途径的活化能垒. 结果表明, CO2-在4种过渡金属表面相对的稳定性和CO2解离吸附的活性顺序一致,均为Fe>Ni>Cu>Pd. 说明CO2-可能是CO2解离吸附的关键中间体. 在Cu、Pd、Ni表面上, CO2解离吸附的最终产物是CO,而在Fe表面其最终会解离成C和O. 在Cu、Fe、Ni表面, CO2加氢活化是一种有效模式, 而在Pd上则不容易进行. 在Cu和Pd表面,碳酸盐物种也可能是CO2活化的重要中间体.     

CO在M55（M=Cu,Ag,Au）团簇上吸附的密度泛函研究

在全电子相对论BVP86/DNP水平下对CO在Au55,Ag55和Cu55团簇上的吸附进行了比较研究,并考察了电荷对吸附的影响.计算结果表明,CO在Au55团簇上吸附能最大,其次为Cu55团簇,最弱的为Ag55团簇.团簇电荷对C—O键活化和CO与团簇表面原子成键影响较小.金团簇的电荷对吸附能影响较大,而银和铜团簇的电荷对吸附能影响较小.CO吸附到团簇上导致团簇上电子向CO转移.C—O键活化强度与吸附位置密切相关,其中孔位吸附导致C—O键活化程度最大,最弱的为顶位吸附.CO在金团簇上吸附具有较好选择性,而在银和铜团簇上吸附无选择性.     

CO吸附在过渡金属铂表面的微观动力学研究

建立了处理双原子分子-表面相互作用的推广的LEPS势.借助推广的LEPS势,系统研究了一氧化碳分子在铂低指数表面吸附的动力学特性,重现了低指数表面的分子吸附热、吸附几何及本征振动等实验数据；鉴定了某些不合理的文献信息,预测了实验尚未探测到的重要信息:预测到Pt(100)表面四重洞位的C－O伸缩振动频率为1 962.60 cm－1;预测到Pt(110)表面吸附态的C－O及C－Pt键长分别为115.1、147 pm.     

CO在Pt低指数面上吸附行为的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的广义梯度近似(GGA)方法对CO-Pt低指数面吸附体系进行了结构优化, 并对吸附体系的吸附热、C—O键和C—Pt键的键长、布居数分析、电子态密度进行了研究. 计算结果表明, 在0.25 ML(monolayer)的覆盖率下, CO最容易在Pt(100)晶面的桥位、Pt(110)晶面的短桥位、Pt(111)晶面的hcp三重位吸附, 吸附热分别达到了2.11、2.37、1.96 eV; CO在吸附成键过程中伴有电子在CO分子和Pt之间的转移. 吸附后, C—O键被削弱, 键长变长, 金属内部的作用亦被削弱, 其表层Pt 原子的布居数明显降低; 态密度分析表明, CO在吸附过程中, 其4σ、1π、5σ、2π轨道均参与成键.     

Ag(111)表面Ag配位结构的分等级组装

表面辅助的金属有机纳米结构因其结构稳定性和潜在应用受到广泛关注。在金属有机纳米结构中,金属原子来源于外部沉积的金属或金属表面原子。外部沉积的金属原子种类多样,取决于目标纳米结构。然而,金属表面原子受限于表面科学常用的金、银和铜单晶金属表面。金属有机纳米结构大多包括Au配位或是Cu配位结构,而只有少量的用表面Ag原子构成。分子金属相互作用的进一步研究有助于预期纳米结构的精确控制形成。至于构建基元,有机分子通过M―C、M―N和M―O键与表面金属原子配位。末端炔反应或者乌尔曼耦合能够实现C―M―C节点的形成。Cu和Au原子能够与含有末端氰基或吡啶基官能团的分子配位形成N―M―N键。另外,表面Ag增原子能够通过Ag―N配位键与酞菁分子配位。然而,M―O配位键的相关研究较少。因此,我们计划使用末端羟基分子与Ag增原子配位形成金属有机配位纳米结构去研究O―Ag节点。我们通过扫描隧道显微镜利用4, 4’-二羟基-1, 1’: 3’, 1’’-三联苯分子(4, 4’-dihydroxy-1, 1’: 3’, 1’’-terphenyl,H3PH)和Ag增原子成功构筑了一系列二维有序纳米结构。在室温下,蒸镀的H3PH分子自组装形成由环氢键连接的密堆积结构。当退火温度提升到330 K,一种新的纳米结构出现了,该结构由O―Ag配位键和氢键共同作用形成。进一步地提升退火温度至420 K,蜂巢结构和共存的二重配位链出现,这两种结构中仅由O―Ag―O键构成。为分析金属分子反应路径和O―Ag―O键的能量势垒,我们对该体系进行密度泛函理论计算。计算结果显示,O―Ag键形成的能量势垒是1.41 eV,小于O―Ag―O节点1.85 eV的能量势垒。这也解释了分等级金属-有机纳米结构形成的原因。我们的实验结果提供了一种利用有机小分子和金属增原子来设计和构筑分等级二维纳米结构的有效方法。     

过渡金属M (M=Cu,Ag, Au)对X…Cl (X = F,Cl, Br)卤键相互作用强度的影响

采用量子化学方法,通过MCH2X…ClF(M=Cu,Ag,Au;X=F,Cl,Br)和CH3X…ClF两类复合物的对比,探讨了过渡金属对卤键相互作用强度的影响.CH3X…ClF复合物只有卤键相互作用,而优化MCH2X…ClF复合物除了得到一种只含有卤键相互作用的构型外,还得到一种含有过渡金属和Cl原子相互作用的稳定构型.含有过渡金属的复合物稳定性明显增加,Ag取代的复合物稳定性增加最为明显,Cu次之,Au最不明显.X原子最负分子表面静电势(MEP)减小是复合物稳定性增加的根本原因.利用自然键轨道(NBO)及分子中原子(AIM)分析进一步对体系的分子间相互作用进行了探讨.二阶稳定化能与键鞍点处拓扑性质的计算结果与相互作用能符合得很好.     

甲酸根吸附热与其电子性质之间的关联：第一性密度泛函理论研究

采用第一性密度泛函理论（DFT-GGA）研究了甲酸根（HCOO）在一系列金属表面的吸附．研究表明,HCOO的最稳定吸附位置是短桥位,吸附热顺序为Au（110）〈Ag（110）〈Cu（110）〈Pd（110）〈Pt（110）〈Ni（110）〈Rh（110）〈Fe（100）〈Mo（100）．HCOO吸附热可以很好地与相应的金属氧化物生成热关联．另外还发现,过渡金属的吸附热与金属的小带中心有很好地关联,第1B金属吸附热可以用耦合矩阵平方来解释．     

CO adsorption on pure and binary-alloy gold clusters: a quantum chemical study

We performed density-functional theory analysis of nondissociative CO adsorption on 22 binary Au-alloy (Au(n)M(m)) clusters: n=0-3, m=0-3, and m+n=2 (dimers) or 3 (trimers), M=Cu/Ag/Pd/Pt. We report basis-set superposition error corrections to adsorption energies and include both internal energy of adsorption (DeltaU(ads)) and Gibbs free energy of adsorption (DeltaG(ads)) at standard conditions (298.15 K and 1 atm). We found onefold (atop) CO binding on all the clusters except Pd2 (twofold/bridged), Pt2 (twofold/bridged), and Pd3 (threefold). In agreement with the experimental results, we found that CO adsorption is thermodynamically favorable on pure Au/Cu clusters but not on pure Ag clusters and also observed the following adsorption affinity trend: Pd>Pt>Au>Cu>Ag. For alloy dimers we found the following patterns: Au2>M Au>M2 (M=Ag/Cu) and M2>M Au>Au2 (M=Pd/Pt). Alloying Ag/Cu dimers with (more reactive) Au enhanced adsorption and the opposite effect was observed for PdPt dimers. The Ag-Au, Cu-Au, and Pd-Au trimers followed the trends observed on dimers: Au3>M Au2>M2Au>M3 (M=Ag/Cu) and Pd3>Pd2Au>PdAu2>Au3. Interestingly, Pt-Au trimers reacted differently and alloying with Au systematically increased the adsorption affinity: PtAu2>Pt2Au>Pt3>Au3. A strikingly different behavior of Pt is also manifested by the triplet spin state and onefold (atop) binding in Pt3-CO which is in contradiction with the singlet spin state and threefold binding in Pd3-CO. We found a linear correlation between CO binding energy (BE) and elongation of the CO bond. For Ag-Au and Cu-Au clusters, the increase in CO BE (and elongation of the C-O bond which is probably due to the back donation) is accompanied by the decrease in the cluster-CO distance suggesting that the donation (from 5sigma highest occupied molecular orbital in CO to cluster lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) mechanism also contributes to the BE. For Pd-Au clusters, the cluster-CO distance (and CO bond length) increases with increase in the BE, suggesting that the donation mechanism may not be important for those clusters. No clear trend was observed for Pt-Au clusters.     

Theoretical Investigations of the Activation of CO_2 on the Transition Metal-doped Cu(100) and Cu(111) Surfaces

Periodic density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the chemisorption behavior of CO_2 molecule on a series of surface alloys that are built by dispersing individual middle-late transition metal(TM) atoms(TM = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, Au) on the Cu(100) and Cu(111) surfaces. The most stable configurations of CO_2 chemisorbed on different TM/Cu surfaces are determined, and the results show that among the late transition metals, Co, Ru, and Os are potentially good dopants to enhance the chemisorption and activation of CO_2 on copper surfaces. To obtain a deep understanding of the adsorption property, the bonding characteristics of the adsorption bonds are carefully examined by the crystal orbital Hamilton population technique, which reveals that the TM atom primarily provides d orbitals with z-component, namely d_z~2, d_(xz), and d_(yz) orbitals to interact with the adsorbate.     

The relationship between formate adsorption energy and electronic properties: A first principles density functional theory study

First principles density functional theory calculations have been performed for the chemisorption of formate adsorption on some metal surfaces. For the most stable adsorption site of short-bridge, the calculated formate adsorption energy follows the order of Au(110) < Ag(110) < Cu(110) < Pd(110) < Pt(110) < Ni(110) < Rh(110) < Fe(100) < Mo(100), and a clear linear correlation exists between the adsorption energy and the corresponding heat of formation of metal oxides. Moreover, it has been found that the fo...     

The relationship between adsorption energies of methyl on metals and the metallic electronic properties: a first-principles DFT study

A theoretical study of CH3 adsorbed on the (111) surface of some transition and noble metal surfaces M (M = Cu, Ni, Rh, Pt, Pd, Ag, Au) and on the Fe(100) is presented. We find that the hollow site is preferred more than the top one for Fe, Ni, Rh, and Cu, but it is the other way for Pt, Pd, Au, and Ag. In addition, a good linear relationship was observed between the chemisorption energy and d-band center for Group VIII metals or the square of the coupling matrix element for Group IB metals at the hollow site. Interestingly, with a detailed comparison of the adsorption energies at the top and hollow sites, we find that the adsorption energies among each group are very similar on the top site, which supports the theoretical model of Hammer and Norskov that the coupling between the HOMO of adsorbate and sp states of the metal is dominant and almost equal, and that the second coupling to the d-band contributes less but reflects the change of the adsorption energy. It confirms that the coupling to the d band comprises two opposite factors, that is, the d-band center was attractive and the square of the coupling matrix element was repulsive, such that the contributions from the two factors can counteract each other at the top site.     

Density Functional Theory Study on the Adsorption of CN on Transition Metal M（100） （M = Ni,Pd, Pt,Cu, Ag and Au） Surfaces

The adsorption of cyanide on the top site of a series of transition metal M（100） （M = Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt） surfaces via carbon and nitrogen atoms respectively, with the CN axis perpendicular to the surface, has been studied by means of density functional theory and cluster model. Geometry, adsorption energy and vibrational frequencies have been determined, and the present calculations show that the adsorption of CN through C-end on metal surface is more favorable than that via N-end for the same surface. The vibrational frequencies of CN for C-down configuration on surface are blue-shifted with respect to the free CN, which is contrary to the change of vibrational frequencies when CN is adsorbed by N-down structure. Furthermore, the charge transfer from surface to CN causes the increase of surface work function.     

Water-gas-shift reaction on metal nanoparticles and surfaces

Density functional theory was employed to investigate the water-gas-shift reaction (WGS, CO+H2O-->H2+CO2) on Au29 and Cu29 nanoparticles seen with scanning tunneling microscopy in model AuCeO2(111) and CuCeO2(111) catalysts. Au(100) and Cu(100) surfaces were also included for comparison. According to the calculations of the authors, the WGS on these systems operate via either redox or associative carboxyl mechanism, while the rate-limiting step is the same, water dissociation. The WGS activity decreases in a sequence: Cu29>Cu(100)>Au29>Au(100), which agrees well with the experimental observations. Both nanoparticles are more active than their parent bulk surfaces. The nanoscale promotion on the WGS activity is associated with the low-coordinated corner and the edge sites as well as the fluxionality of the particles, which makes the nanoparticles more active than the flat surfaces for breaking the O-H bond. In addition, the role of the oxide support during the WGS was addressed by comparing the activity seen in the calculations of the authors for the Au29 and Cu29 nanoparticles and activity reported for XCeO2(111) and XZnO(000i)(X=Cu or Au) surfaces.     

The effect of alloying on the H-atom adsorption on the (100) surfaces of Pd-Ag,Pd-Pt,Pd-Au,Pt-Ag,and Pt-Au. A theoretical study

The effect of alloying on the adsorption of atomic hydrogen was studied using density functional theory (DFT). In the study the (100) surfaces of Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Au, Pt-Ag, and Pt-Au alloys were considered by means of a cluster model. The structural and energetic properties of the H atom adsorbed on the Pd₄Me (Me = Ag, Pt, Au) and Pt₄Me (Me = Pd, Ag, Au) clusters were calculated and compared with the H-atom adsorption on monometallic clusters. The effect of alloying on the H-atom adsorption is evident for all the investigated bimetallic systems. However, it strongly depends on the second metal atom, Me, is placed in the surface layer or in the subsurface one. In general, the H atom adsorbed in a site containing the second metal exhibits different properties from those characteristic of its adsorption on Pd(100) and Pt(100). Hence, the modified interaction between atomic hydrogen and the alloyed surfaces may increase the selectivity of the catalytic hydrogenation reactions on such surfaces.     

Probing the interface in vapor-deposited bimetallic Pd-Au and Pt-Au films by CO adsorption from the liquid phase

Bimetallic Pd-Au and Pt-Au and monometallic Pd, Pt, and Au films were prepared by physical vapor deposition. The resulting surfaces were characterized by means of XPS, AFM, and CO adsorption from the liquid phase (CH2Cl2) monitored by ATR-IR spectroscopy. CO adsorption combined with ATR-IR proved to be a very sensitive method for probing the degree of interdiffusion occurring at the interfaces whose properties were altered by variation of the Pd and Pt film thickness from 0.2 to 2 nm. Because no CO adsorption was observed on Au, the evaporation of Pt-group metals on Au allowed us to study the effect of dilution on the adsorption properties of the surfaces. At equivalent Pd film thickness, the evaporation of Au reduced the amount of adsorbed CO and caused the formation of 2-fold bridging CO, which was almost absent in monometallic surfaces. Additionally, the average particle size on Pd-Au surfaces was smaller than that on monometallic Pd surfaces. The results indicate that a Pd/Au diffuse interface is formed that affects the Pd particle size even more drastically than the simple decrease in Pd film thickness in monometallic surfaces. Pt-Au surfaces were less sensitive to CO adsorption, indicating that the two metals do not mix to a significant extent. The difference in the interfacial behavior of Pd and Pt in the bimetallic gold films is traced to the largely different Pd-Au and Pt-Au miscibility gaps.     

Characterization of methoxy adsorption on some transition metals: a first principles density functional theory study

Based on the gradient-density functional theory, calculation results of methoxy adsorption on Au(111), Ag(111), Cu(111), Pt(111), Pd(111), Ni(111), Rh(111), and Fe(100) surfaces are presented, and a consistent picture for some key physical properties determining the reactivity of metals appears. These eight metals belong to two groups: either with filled d electrons (group IB) or with unfilled but more than half filled d electrons (group VIII). The calculated adsorption energies are quite in agreement with the experimental data as well as the previous theoretical calculation results. Importantly, using the analysis of B. Hammer and J. K. Norskov, Nature (London) 376, 232 (1995) and in Chemisorption and Reactivity on Supported Clusters and Thin Films, edited by R. M. Lambert and G. Pacchioni (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1997), pp. 285-351, the binding energies have selectively been linearly correlated to the d-band center and to the size of the metal d-band orbital overlapping with the adsorbate (coupling matrix element) for these two groups of metals. And by analyzing the nature of the adsorption bonding, the possible reason of this difference is suggested.