尼龙1010应力松弛行为研究

尼龙1010样品在初始应变为1%、2.8%和5.1%的条件下,在不同的恒温环境中分别进行不少于10 h的应力松弛实验,得到20~80℃范围的应力松弛曲线.研究了不同应力、温度下的应力松弛速率、松弛过程的残余应力、活化体积以及相关参数的数学关系.结果表明,尼龙样品在松弛过程中存在一定的形变残余应力,体系存在恒定的长时模量.不同初始应变的尼龙样品松弛过程表现出相似的规律,当松弛速率-d(σ/σ0)/dlnt达到最大值后,在一段时间内聚合物内部活化单元发生松弛,-dσ/dt与作用于样品的有效应力σ*为指数关系.随着松弛过程的进行,应力减小到一定程度后,活化体积V逐渐增加,此时独立的活化单元运动受到限制,聚合物内部依靠多个活化单元的协同运动将内应力逐渐松弛,应力辅助功Vσ*为常数,-dσ/dt与σ*满足幂律关系,幂指数为σ*V/(k T).     

注射成型聚碳酸酯厚度截面的残余应力分析

通过光弹法定量测量了注射成型聚碳酸酯(PC)试样在厚度截面上的残余应力,并结合模具温度的变化与不对称分布,对厚度截面上的残余应力分布进行了详细的研究.结果表明,在厚度截面上,试样边缘分布较高的流动残余应力,芯部分布较高的热残余应力,两区域界面处为流动应力与热应力相互耦合而形成的低应力过渡区;模具温度低于120?C时,PC的残余应力随模具温度的变化并不明显;模具温度高于120?C时,PC的残余应力随模具温度的升高显著降低;不对称模具温度会导致在低模温侧高热残余应力区分布宽,在高模温侧高热残余应力区分布窄.此外,试样的翘曲随模具温度的升高而逐渐增加,不对称模具温度会导致较大的翘曲.     

SiC陶瓷与金属Ta连接的残余应力

碳化硅陶瓷与金属的焊接结构应用于一些高技术领域, 而金属钽常被作为实现与其他金属焊接的过渡材料.焊接残余应力降低连接强度和结构的稳定性.采用弹性有限元方法计算了SiC-Ta连接试样的残余应力, 并采用四点弯曲试验检验了计算结果.     

含稀土氧化物堆焊金属试样残余应力场的数值模拟

采用红外热像仪和X射线应力仪分别测定了采用含稀土氧化物的堆焊焊条，对中高碳钢试件进行堆焊过程的温度场和残余应力场，根据实验数据和材料的物理、力学参数，采用二维有限元计算方法，建立了堆焊应力场模型，根据这一模型，分析了马氏体相变对堆焊金属残余应力场的影响。结果表明：焊条药皮中添加稀土氧化物和金属镍可以降低马氏体相变温度，而降低马氏体相变温度可以降低堆焊金属表面的残余拉应力，从而提高了堆焊金属的抗开裂性能。     

Pt/Ti双层电极应力的微观分析研究

常温下用直流溅射法在Si（100）上淀积Pt/Ti电极薄膜.采用X射线衍射、原子力显微镜检测不同退火温度的薄膜,结果表明,退火初期Pt层内首先产生了压应力,从而使Pt表面形成了小丘凸起;退火过程产生的热应力在Pt层残余应力的产生中占主导地位,这种热应力使得Pt层最后的应力状态为张应力状态并且随着Pt层中Pt3Ti金属间化合物数量的增多而增大.     

优化注塑成型塑件变形方案的研究进展

塑件翘曲变形是注塑成型常见的质量缺陷之一,吸引诸多学者和工程从业者对其提出层出不穷的优化思路。本文从工业量产角度出发,将塑件分为图纸阶段、试制阶段以及最终量产阶段,并系统介绍其在不同阶段的优化思路。首先介绍薄壁塑件和非规整塑件翘曲变形的优化思路,分类详述新模温技术在优化塑件翘曲变形的应用以及总结预变形技术现今的研究热点,并提出动模温技术结合人工智能算法求解能够在未来有更长远的发展。通过梳理后制程定型思路优化塑件翘曲变形相关文献,本文认为其具有一定局限性。最后介绍成型技术在优化塑件翘曲变形和低翘曲规格材料的新应用,并且基于当前行业背景,提出联合仿真技术和在线检测技术是解决塑件翘曲变形的未来研究方向和技术发展趋势。     

微型注塑条件下POM／PEO／SiO2三元复合体系的充填行为北大核心CSCD

采用固相剪切碾磨技术制备了聚甲醛/聚氧化乙烯/二氧化硅(POM/PEO/SiO2)三元复合材料并实现其微型注塑加工,研究了POM/PEO/SiO2复合体系的微型注塑加工窗口、影响微型注塑加工过程充填行为的因素及其微型制品的复型行为。结果表明,POM/PEO/SiO2复合材料具有良好的微型注塑可加工性,根据其微型注塑加工窗口可获得复型良好的微型制品;POM/PEO/SiO2熔体在微型注塑过程中充模时间短,冷却速率快;注射速度和模腔温度对POM/PEO/SiO2体系的充填行为具有显著影响。此外,因纳米SiO2加入量较少,其对熔体充填行为的影响不大。     

高效液相色谱测定橡胶老化过程中防老剂残余量

在橡胶聚合过程中加入抗氧剂可以抑制生胶干燥和贮藏过程中的氧化作用,从而延长其使用寿命。定量测定抗氧剂在橡胶老化过程中的残余量可衡量其性能的优劣。但橡胶中组分较多,化学分离极为困难。国外曾报道用高效液相色谱测定酚类抗氧剂工业副产物,氯丁胶老化过程中抗氧剂的残余量还未见报道。 我们用HPLC法,以反相柱,甲醇、氯仿、水为洗提液,测定了甲叉-4426-S,KY-405,酚噻嗪在橡胶中不同老化时间的残余量,得到与其它物理检测相吻合的结果。     

微型注塑条件下POM/PEO/SiO_2三元复合体系的充填行为

采用固相剪切碾磨技术制备了聚甲醛/聚氧化乙烯/二氧化硅(POM/PEO/SiO2)三元复合材料并实现其微型注塑加工,研究了POM/PEO/SiO2复合体系的微型注塑加工窗口、影响微型注塑加工过程充填行为的因素及其微型制品的复型行为。结果表明,POM/PEO/SiO2复合材料具有良好的微型注塑可加工性,根据其微型注塑加工窗口可获得复型良好的微型制品;POM/PEO/SiO2熔体在微型注塑过程中充模时间短,冷却速率快;注射速度和模腔温度对POM/PEO/SiO2体系的充填行为具有显著影响。此外,因纳米SiO2加入量较少,其对熔体充填行为的影响不大。     

1991年全国化学竞赛理论试题

一、在机械制造业中,为了消除金属制品中的残余应力和调整其内部组织,常采用有针对性的热处理工艺,以使制品机械性能达到设计要求。 CO和CO_2的混合气氛用于热处理时,调节CO/CO_2既可成为氧化性气氛(脱除钢制品中的过量碳),也可成为还原性气氛(保护制品在处理过程中不被氧化或还原制品表面的氧化膜)。反应式为:     

Comment on “Preparation and electrorheological properties of triethanolamine-modified TiO2”

Comments on the recent report of electrorheological (ER) properties of an organic modified titanium dioxide with considerably high yield stress are given based on the analysis of its yield stress data as a function of applied electric field strengths. Using our previously reported universal yield stress equation and critical electric field strengths deduced, it is found that we can collapse their data onto a single curve.     

Molecular design of polymer coatings capable of photo-triggered stress relaxation via dynamic covalent bond exchange

Polymer coatings are frequently used to modify surface properties of inorganic substrates. However, the disparity in physical properties between polymer film and substrate often leads to residual stress development, which can be deleterious to the overall performance of coated materials. This work reports the molecular design of polymer films that dissipate stress upon irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. These polymers are synthesized by post-polymerization modification of the reactive polymer, poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone), to introduce dynamic crosslinks capable of light-initiated addition transfer fragmentation chemistry. Using a custom-built optical cantilever, contrasting film stress responses are observed between films containing dynamic bonds and analogous control films after UV light irradiation, which indicate successful stress relaxation. Further experiments demonstrate the complete relaxation of residual stress in dynamic films after an extended exposure, thereby generating a “stress-free” film. Films fabricated using this approach can be easily tailored to incorporate additional moieties to introduce desired surface properties for future application in a wide array of coatings.     

Coptisine Attenuates Diabetes—Associated Endothelial Dysfunction through Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress

Coptisine is the major bioactive protoberberine alkaloid found in Rhizoma Coptidis. Coptisine reduces inflammatory responses and improves glucose tolerance; nevertheless, whether coptisine has vasoprotective effect in diabetes is not fully characterized. Conduit arteries including aortas and carotid arteries were obtained from male C57BL/6J mice for ex vivo treatment with risk factors (high glucose or tunicamycin) and coptisine. Some arterial rings were obtained from diabetic mice, which were induced by high-fat diet (45% kcal% fat) feeding for 6 weeks combined with a low-dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (120 mg/kg). Functional studies showed that coptisine protected endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortas against risk factors and from diabetic mice. Coptisine increased phosphorylations of AMPK and eNOS and downregulated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers as determined by Western blotting. Coptisine elevates NO bioavailability and decreases reactive oxygen species level. The results indicate that coptisine improves vascular function in diabetes through suppression of ER stress and oxidative stress, implying the therapeutic potential of coptisine to treat diabetic vasculopathy.     

Quinone‐based switches for candidate building blocks of molecular junctions with QTAIM and the stress tensor

The current work investigates candidate building blocks based on molecular junctions from hydrogen transfer tautomerization in the benzoquinone‐like core of an azophenine molecule with QTAIM and the recently introduced stress tensor trajectory analysis. We find that in particular the stress tensor trajectories are well suited to describe the mechanism of the switching process. The effects of an Fe‐dopant atom coordinated to the quinone ring, as well as F and Cl substitution of different ring‐hydrogens, are investigated and the new QTAIM and stress tensor analysis is used to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of such molecules as molecular switches in nanosized electronic circuits. We find that the coordinated Fe‐dopant greatly improves the switching properties, both in terms of the tautomerization barrier that has to be crossed in the switching process and the expected conductance behavior, while the effects of hydrogen substitution are more subtle. The absence of the Fe‐dopant atom led to impaired functioning of the switch “OFF” mechanism as well as coinciding with the formation of closed‐shell H—H bond critical points that indicated a strained or electron deficient environment. Our analysis demonstrates promise for future use in design of molecular electronic devices.     

Endothelin-1 and angiotensin II secretion at different lengths of endothelial cell monolayer in the view of tensile stress accumulation in the upper endothelial cell membrane

Theoretical analysis and experimental observations have shown that tensile stress inside an endothelial cell membrane is capable of growing in the direction opposite to blood flow and can accumulate to a level that is three or more orders of magnitude higher than flow-induced shear stress on the membrane surface. This phenomenon is called cell membrane tension accumulation (CMTA). We hypothesize that correlation may exist between the endothelial cell monolayer length or CMTA and secretory function of endothelial cells. To verify this hypothesis, a paired experimental study was devised to measure the secretion of endothelin (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) by two monolayers of cultured human glomerular vascular endothelial cell (HGVEC) monolayers subjected an identical steady shear stress. After replicate cultured HGVEC monolayer with two kinds of length of 6 cm and 10 cm were subjected to the same steady laminar shear stress of 0.45 N/m² for 24 h, the average secretion rates of ET-1 and Ang II in 6 cm long increased l.7- and 0.5-fold (n=26, P<0.00l) over 10 cm long, respectively. Over 10 h of exposure to 0.65 N/m², the average secretion rate of both ET-1 and Ang II by HGVEC monolayer of 6 cm in length exceeded 0.5-fold (n=26, P<0.0001) over 10 cm in length. All these demonstrated that the close relationship may exist between length of endothelial cell monolayer and secretion of ET-1 and Ang II by endothelial cells, indicating the possible existence of the cumulative effect of the tensile stress in the upper endothelial cell membrane under the shear flow field.     

A Comparative Analysis of the Rice-Allnatt and Square-Well Liquid Transport Theories

Abstract

The Yvon-Born-Green pair correlation function theory is discussed from the viewpoint of its role as theoretical data input for the Rice-Allnatt liquid transport theory. The general behavior of the Rice-Allnatt theory is shown to compare favorably with that of the square-well transport theory of Davis, Rice, and Sengers, although the former is not as quantitative. The predictive ability of the Rice-Allnatt theory is improved by a systematic adjustment of the Lennard-Jones parameters used in the YBG pair correlation functions, based on the critical point locus.     

The phenomenon of cell membrane tensile stress accumulation and its effect on endothelin-1 secretion by vascular endothelial cells

Theoretical analysis has shown that that the tensile stress in the upper cell membrane of the vascular endothelium could accumulate upstream to a very high level despite of the identical shear environments. This phenomenon is called cell membrane tension accumulation (CMTA). To verify the theoretical analysis, the secretion of endothelin-1 (ET-1) by a paired human umbilical vein segments with different lengths (10 and 15 cm, respectively) were measured. The results clearly showed highly significant differences in the secretion rates of ET-1 between the 10 cm-long vein (segment A) and the 15 cm-long vein (segment B) under the same shear stress level of 0.48 N/m². When exposed to a shear stress of 0.48 N/m² for 24 h, segment B secreted ET-1 at an average rate of 34.9154±0.9830 pg/cm² h, almost 14% higher than the average rate of 30.6274±0.4912 pg/cm² h recorded by segment A (P<0.01). The present study, therefore, confirms that CMTA does in fact occur in the blood vessel. This phenomenon affects the secretion of ET-1 by vascular endothelial cells, and may be more important than shear stress in its effect on the metabolism and biological function of endothelial cells.     

镉胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长及植株镉含量的影响

采用盆栽实验,以多叶苜蓿和准格尔苜蓿2个品种为材料,研究了Cd胁迫(0、5、10、20、50mg·kg-1)对紫花苜蓿生长和植株Cd含量的影响。结果显示,Cd处理质量分数为5mg·kg-1时,2个品种的株高、主根长、干质量较之对照组均有所提高,但差异不显著;随Cd处理质量分数增加,上述指标呈显著降低趋势,尤其是当处理质量分数达到50mg·kg-1时,其下降幅度则多叶苜蓿明显小于准格尔苜蓿;在重度Cd胁迫下,2个品种地上部和根部的Cd含量都增大,准格尔苜蓿的Cd含量高于多叶苜蓿。试验表明,在Cd质量分数超过10mg·kg-1的土壤中不宜种植紫花苜蓿。     

Stress Cracking and Photodegradation: The Combination of Two Major Causes of HIPS Failure

Summary: This work investigates the effects of photodegradation on the stress cracking resistance of high impact polystyrene (HIPS). Injection moulded samples were exposed to the ultraviolet light for various times in the laboratory prior to solvent contact. The bars were then stressed with several different loads in a tensile testing machine under the presence of several types of alcohols (mostly butanol). During this period, the stress relaxation was monitored and, after unloading, the ultimate properties were evaluated. Complementary tests were done by size exclusion chromatography, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that both photodegradation and butanol causes significant modification in HIPS properties, with reduction in mechanical properties. The previously degraded samples showed a higher level of stress relaxation and a greater loss in tensile strength in comparison to the undegraded ones. The synergistic action of photodegradation and stress cracking in polystyrene may be a consequence of the chemical changes caused by oxidation and the reduction in molecular sizes.