La掺杂Bi2O3的制备、表征与可见光催化活性

采用浸渍法制备了La掺杂Bi2O3(La-Bi2O3)光催化剂,利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和光致发光谱(PL)等分析测试手段对样品的La掺杂量、晶体结构和光谱特征等进行了表征,并以2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)水溶液的降解作为探针反应,考察了样品的可见光催化性能.结果表明,适量的La掺杂能有效抑制Bi2O3由四方相向单斜相转变,并将光吸收范围拓展到550 nm以上.掺杂的La可取代Bi2O3晶格中部分Bi,形成Bi—O—La键,并生成了少量镧铋复合氧化物(La0.176Bi0.824O1.5),它们的存在能有效抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合,从而提高光催化量子产率.可见光照射下2,4-DCP的光催化降解实验表明,La-Bi2O3具有良好的可见光催化性能,并且当La的掺杂量为3%(摩尔分数)时,催化剂的可见光催化效率最高.     

锌掺杂对SrTiO_3光催化性能的影响

制备了锌掺杂的SrTiO3光催化剂,测试了掺杂样品在400 W高压汞灯照射下,分解纯水制氢的活性。考察了锌的掺杂量及样品的焙烧温度对其光催化活性的影响,并对掺锌与未掺杂样品进行了XRD、UV-vis、XPS及SEM表征分析。结果表明,Zn掺入可显著提高SrTiO3的光催化活性,适宜的锌掺杂摩尔分数为1%左右,相应的掺杂量下,适宜的焙烧温度为950℃左右,上述条件制得掺锌SrTiO3的产氢速率较未掺杂样品提高了120%左右。表征结果显示,掺摩尔分数1%的锌未改变SrTiO3的晶体结构及结晶完整性,但样品表面发生了锌的富集,而且在一定的掺杂范围内,锌掺杂使SrTiO3催化剂的粒度有所增大。推测掺入的Zn与存在于SrTiO3表面的富钛相反应生成Zn2TiO4,使SrTiO3表面的缺陷浓度降低,光催化活性提高。     

Bi掺杂NaTaO3中Bi的化学价态对其光催化性能的影响

分别采用NaBiO3和Bi(NO3)3为Bi源制备了Bi掺杂NaTaO3光催化剂,研究了Bi离子的价态对NaTaO3光催化分解水制氢性能的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见吸收光谱研究了催化剂的晶体结构、Bi离子的化学状态和催化剂的光学吸收性能.以光催化分解水制氢反应研究了Bi离子掺杂NaTaO3的催化性能. XRD结果表明,对于两个不同Bi源掺杂的NaTaO3样品, Bi离子的掺杂没有改变催化剂的单斜相结构,但拉曼光谱证实Bi离子的掺杂致使Ta–O–Ta键角偏离了180o. XPS结果表明,以Bi(NO3)3为Bi源时, Bi离子以Bi3+掺杂于NaTaO3的A位;当以NaBiO3为原料时, Bi3+和Bi5+共掺杂于NaTaO3的A位.两种不同Bi源掺杂得到的样品在紫外-可见吸收光谱中给出了相似的光学吸收,但Bi3+的掺杂对NaTaO3光催化性能影响不大,而Bi3+和Bi5+共掺杂大大提高了NaTaO3的光解水制氢性能. Bi离子取代Na离子在A位的掺杂,在NaTaO3结构中引入了能够促进载流子分离的空位和缺陷;与此同时, Bi的掺杂导致Ta–O–Ta键角偏离180o而不利于载流子迁移.对于Bi3+掺杂的NaTaO3样品,这两种作用相互抵消,使得其催化性能与NaTaO3相比没有变化;而Bi3+和Bi5+的共掺杂和高价态Bi5+的掺杂引入了更多的空位和缺陷,提高了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,从而提高了光催化产氢性能.研究表明,光催化过程中载流子的迁移是影响催化性能的重要因素,而在ABO3钙钛矿结构的A位引入高价态离子是促进光生载流子分离的有效途径.     

添加NaBF_4对阳极氧化法制备TiO_2纳米管光催化剂的影响

在阳极氧化电解液中添加Na BF4制得了具可见光活性的B掺杂TiO_2纳米管阵列(B/TNTs)。采用扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对样品进行表征,以亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化降解为目标反应评价其光催化活性。结果表明:添加Na BF4后,TiO_2纳米管表面形貌变化较大;B掺入到TiO_2晶格中形成B-O-Ti键;B掺杂使得TiO_2纳米管表面羟基量增加、光学带隙能减小、光吸收阀值红移,且B掺杂量越多,其相应值的变化量越大;B掺杂能促进TiO_2锐钛矿相的发育,纳米管经550℃煅烧后仍保持未掺杂样品的锐钛矿相结构;Na BF4的最佳添加量为0.6%(w/w)时,所得样品光催化活性最佳,可见光下光催化降解MB的4 h降解率由未添加的39.90%提高至75.15%,且反复使用10次后其光催化性能基本保持不变;总有机碳(TOC)分析结果表明,MB在可见光下能被B/TiO_2有效矿化。     

WO3/TiO2纳米材料的制备及光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备WO3/TiO2复合纳米光催化剂,掺入WO3、TiO2锐钛矿101峰的相对强度、平均晶粒直径与颗粒直径均减小,比表面积增大;WO3掺入摩尔比分别为2%、5%、8%时,新的LRS峰位分别出现在797、967及969cm-1;在380-460nm范围内,WO3/TiO2的反射率减小,XPS分析表明,WO3/TiO2晶体中存在W6+、W5+、W4+、和Ti4+、Ti3+。以亚甲基兰的光催化降解为反应模型,掺入WO3后,光催化活性增强,掺入摩尔比为2%时,WO3/TiO2的光催化活性最高。还讨论了光催化活性与性质的关系。     

Cu掺杂BiVO4催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以Cu(NO_3)2·3H_2O为铜源,采用水热法在180 ℃条件下制备了不同Cu掺杂量的BiVO_4光催化材料,其在可见光下具有强大的氧化还原能力。通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、紫外可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、电化学阻抗谱等表征手段对样品进行表征与分析,并以500 WXe灯为模拟可见光源,罗丹明B染料(RhB)为目标污染物,进行光催化性能研究。研究结果显示,Cu掺杂改变了 BiVO_4的形貌,当Cu掺杂量(质量分数)为1 %时,在500～800 nm范围内可见光吸收显著,使得光催化活性达到最佳,对RhB(10 mg·L~(-1))的降解率可达81.6%,较同条件下制备的纯BiVO_4光催化效率提高了近20%。     

铕掺杂对纳米TiO2的光催化活性的影响

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂Eu3+的纳米TiO2,用XRD和TG-DTA对其进行了表征,并以正庚烷为气相有机污染物的实例研究了样品的光催化活性,发现Eu3+进入TiO2晶格中引起了TiO2晶格膨胀,导致晶格畸变增大,抑制了TiO2晶相的转变和粒径的增长.结果表明,Eu3+掺杂可提高TiO2的光催化活性,并且当掺杂摩尔分数为0.3%时,光催化活性最好.随着焙烧温度的升高,光催化活性下降,而利用较高的水解酸度则有利于得到光催化活性较高的样品.     

具有增强可见光催化活性的Co掺杂Sn_3O_4纳米光催化剂

本文通过简单的一步水热法将非贵金属Co掺杂在Sn_3O_4纳米片的晶格中合成了Co-Sn_3O_4纳米光催化剂,并以可见光光催化分解水制氢评价了其光催化性能.研究表明,Co-Sn_3O_4纳米材料表现出优异的光催化制氢性能(114.5μmol·h~(-1)·g~(-1)),约是纯Sn_3O_4的15.2倍.增强的性能主要归因于掺杂的Co可以充当生长结晶导向剂提高了材料的结晶度,并通过透镜电镜(TEM),X射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼谱表征得到证实;通过掺杂,在Sn_3O_4中引入缺陷位点,有利于电子/空穴对的分离,从而能够生成更多的活性氧自由基参与光催化反应.     

微球形CdIn_2S_4/ZnO复合材料的制备及其光催化性能研究

本文通过程序升温水热法结合水浴方式制备了CdIn_2S_4/ZnO复合材料,并采用XRD、XPS、UV-Vis/DRS、SEM、N_2吸附-脱附等对复合材料的晶形结构和表面物理化学性质进行了表征。结果表明,相比于单体ZnO,微球形复合材料CdIn_2S_4/ZnO晶型结构更加优异,孔径分布更加均匀,比表面积明显增大,其光吸收范围拓展至可见光区。多模式光催化降解染料亚甲基蓝的实验结果显示,微球形复合材料CdIn_2S_4/ZnO的光催化活性优于单体ZnO和CdIn_2S_4,其中CdIn_2S_4/ZnO摩尔比为1∶5时复合材料的活性最好,其对不同有机污染物均具有光降解能力;另外,光解水制氢实验结果显示,在8h内产氢量达到310.2μmol/g,表明该复合材料具有优异的光解水制氢性能。     

微波辅助溶剂热合成In-Si共改性TiO_2的增强光催化性能

利用微波辅助溶剂热法合成了In-Si共改性的TiO2光催化剂.粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼(Raman)光谱、N2吸脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、光致发光(PL)光谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等实验表明,尽管掺杂和改性后TiO2结晶度略有降低,但不影响光催化剂锐钛相的形成.Si掺杂入TiO2晶格使颗粒变小,比表面积变大.In不能进入TiO2晶格,在TiO2表面形成了In2O3.罗丹明B(RhB)降解实验显示,In-Si共改性TiO2表现出很高的紫外和可见光催化活性,Si:In:Ti的摩尔比为0.03:0.02:1的样品(IST-2)光催化活性最高,紫外光下3 min即可将RhB降解完全,可见光下120 min RhB降解率为97%,这是由材料的高表面积,In2O3-TiO2复合半导体之间高效电荷转移及染料敏化等共同作用所致.对于苯酚,光催化降解则相对缓慢,700 min内尚不能降解完全.     

Highly efficient water splitting into H2 and O2 over lanthanum-doped NaTaO3 photocatalysts with high crystallinity and surface nanostructure

NiO-loaded NaTaO(3) doped with lanthanum showed a high photocatalytic activity for water splitting into H(2) and O(2) in a stoichiometric amount under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of NiO-loaded NaTaO(3) doped with lanthanum was 9 times higher than that of nondoped NiO-loaded NaTaO(3). The maximum apparent quantum yield of the NiO/NaTaO(3):La photocatalyst was 56% at 270 nm. The factors affecting the highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting were examined by using various characterization techniques. Electron microscope observations revealed that the particle sizes of NaTaO(3):La crystals (0.1-0.7 microm) were smaller than that of the nondoped NaTaO(3) crystal (2-3 microm) and that the ordered surface nanostructure with many characteristic steps was created by the lanthanum doping. The small particle size with a high crystallinity was advantageous to an increase in the probability of the reaction of photogenerated electrons and holes with water molecules toward the recombination. Transmission electron microscope observations and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analyses indicated that NiO cocatalysts were loaded on the edge of the nanostep structure of NaTaO(3):La photocatalysts as ultrafine particles. The H(2) evolution proceeded on the ultrafine NiO particles loaded on the edge while the O(2) evolution occurred at the groove of the nanostep structure. Thus, the reaction sites for H(2) evolution were separated from those of O(2) evolution over the ordered nanostep structure. The small particle size and the ordered surface nanostep structure of the NiO/NaTaO(3):La photocatalyst powder contributed to the highly efficient water splitting into H(2) and O(2).     

Effects of doping La and Cu on photoinduced charge properties of TiO2 and its relationships with photocatalytic activity

The pure, 1 mol% only La or only Cu doped TiO₂ and La and Cu codoped TiO₂ were prepared by a sol-gel process. The effects of doping on photoinduced charge properties of nanosized TiO₂ were mainly investigated by means of Surface Photovoltage Spectrum (SPS) and Photoluminescence Spectrum (PL), together with their relationships with photocatalytic activity. The results show that La dopant can inhibit the phase transformation of TiO₂, meanwhile improve the separation rate of photoinduced charge carriers, and enrich the binding surface states. However, Cu dopant has a reverse effect compared to La dopant. This is responsible for the results that doping La is favorable for the increase in the photocatalytic activity for degrading the RhB solution, while doping Cu is bad to photocatalyitc reaction. In addition, codoping La and Cu cannot exhibit an obvious combination effect.     

Tuning of NaTaO_3 Band Structure through Mn~（2＋） Ion Doping and the Enhanced Visible Light Response

Pure and Mn-doped NaTaO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple hydro- thermal method. XRD and XPS results suggested that manganese ions were successfully doped into the NaTaO3 crystalline in Mn2＋ state. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra revealed the obvious red-shift in the series of manganese doped NaTaO3 nanoparticles, resulting in a decrease in the band gap of NaTaO3 with the increase of Mn2＋ doping concentration. The photo-degradation experiment indicated that manganese doped NaTaO3 showed good photocatalytic performance and methylene blue（MB） degradation is improved with lower doping concentration of manganese ions under visible light. The simulation of energy band structure by density functional theory unfolded that the substitution of Ta5＋ ions by Mn2＋ ions resulted in an intermediate band（IB） below the bottom of the conduction band（CB）, which was mainly attributed to the state of Mn 3d.     

Microstructures and photocatalytic properties of Ag and La surface codoped TiO2 films prepared by sol–gel method

Ag⁺ and La³⁺ surface codoped TiO₂ films were successfully prepared by the improved sol–gel and doping processes. The as-prepared specimens were characterized using differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry (DTA–TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, Photoluminescence spectrum (PL) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the films were evaluated by degradation of an organic dye in aqueous solution. The results of XRD, FE-SEM and BET analyses indicated that the TiO₂ films were composed of nano-particles or aggregates with a size of less than 10 nm. With the codoping of Ag⁺ and La³⁺, TiO₂ films with high photocatalytic activity and clearly responsive to the visible light were obtained. The improvement mechanism by ions doping was also discussed.     

CdS插层的K4Nb6-xCuxO17复合物的制备及其光催化制氢活性

以Nb2O5,K2CO3和CuO为原料经高温固相反应合成K4Nb6-xCuxO17催化剂,并通过层间离子交换反应,胺插入反应以及硫化反应制备CdS插层K4Nb6-xCuxO17复合催化剂(K4Nb6-xCuxO17/CdS)。利用X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),场发射扫描电镜(SEM),X射线能谱仪(EDX),紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis),分子荧光光谱(PL)等技术对催化剂进行表征。考察了催化剂的可见光催化制氢活性。结果表明,Cu离子掺杂进入K4Nb6O17晶格中,CdS位于K4Nb6O17层间。CdS插层K4Nb6-xCuxO17催化剂的最大吸收光波长约为550 nm。催化剂制氢活性有明显提高,紫外光和可见光下3 h产氢量分别达到279.83 mmol.gcat-1和7.11 mmol.gcat-1。最后讨论了复合催化剂光生电荷转移机理。     

施主掺杂对BaTiO3钙钛矿半导体纳米晶光催化性能的影响

以沉淀法制备的Cu_2O为牺牲模板剂,采用水热法制备La施主掺杂的BaTiO_3钙钛矿半导体纳米晶,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱((XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)表征La掺杂的BaTiO_3晶的物相、微观形貌及光催化性能。结果表明,La掺杂BaTiO_3构建了晶体缺陷,有效提高了BaTiO_3的光催化性能。当掺杂量为4%(w/w)时,样品的光催化性能最好,在可见光照射360 min后,对4-硝基苯酚溶液的降解率可达到93.2%。该催化剂5次循环后的活性仍然大于86.7%,表明La施主掺杂的BaTiO_3是一种有效的可见光催化剂。     

Cu^2+离子掺杂SnO2固溶体催化剂的晶格容量效应:NH3选择性还原NOx反应性能提高的本质原因

NOx排放给人类健康和环境带来了严重的危害,目前已发展了多种消除其污染的方法.其中氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)技术是固定源和移动源柴油机排放NOx的有效消除方法之一.非贵金属氧化物催化剂由于廉价、且原料来源丰富,用于NH3-SCR反应在过去几十年一直备受人们关注.由于晶格畸变和不等价取代等原因,与单组分氧化物催化剂相比,替代型金属氧化物固溶体催化剂通常具有更优异的物理化学性能.其中典型的例子是已被广泛用作汽车尾气净化转化器储氧材料的铈锆固溶体.与纯CeO2相比, Zr^4+离子溶入立方萤石CeO2晶格形成固溶体结构后,显著提高了其稳定性和储氧能力.近八年来,我们以四方金红石型SnO2为溶剂,系统地研究了系列金属阳离子在其晶格中的溶解行为,并考察了其催化反应性能.为深入理解固溶体催化剂的结构与反应性能之间的关系,我们首次创建了简单易行的XRD外推法定量金属氧化物固溶体中溶质阳离子的晶格容量.结果表明,其它离子掺杂形成SnO2基固溶体可显著增加其表面缺位氧和Lewis酸性位点的数量,且可使缺位氧在较高温度下保持稳定,显著提高了所得催化剂的反应性能.另外我们还发现,当溶质离子含量为晶格容量时可得到最大量的纯相固溶体,此时催化剂通常具有最优的性能,具有明显的阈值效应.很多研究表明,含CuO的一些催化材料通常对NOx选择还原具有良好的低温活性和选择性,但把Cu^2+离子溶入SnO2晶格构建固溶体催化剂用于NH3-SCR反应迄今未见报道.因此,为获得性能优良的催化剂,本文采用共沉淀法制备了系列不同Cu^2+离子含量的Sn-Cu复合氧化物固溶体催化剂,并采用XRD外推法测定了Cu^2+离子在SnO2中的晶格容量,为0.10 g CuO/gSnO2,相当于Sn/Cu摩尔比为84/16.Raman结果表明, Cu^2+离子含量低于晶格容量时,随其含量增加,表面氧缺位数量增加,且在晶格容量时达到最大.H2-TPR, O2-TPD和NH3-TPD结果表明,随着Cu^2+离子含量增加,催化剂表面活性氧物种和表面酸中心的数量均增加;在Cu^2+离子含量接近晶格容量时,催化剂中形成最大量的纯固溶体相,上述活性中心均可达到最大量.此时,催化剂具有最佳的NH3-SCR反应性能.因此, Cu^2+离子溶入SnO2晶格形成固溶体催化剂,在结构和反应性能上均具有明显的晶格容量阈值效应.通过将Cu^2+离子含量调控在晶格容量,可获得反应性能最好的Sn-Cu复合氧化物固溶体催化剂.     

TPR investigations on the reducibility of Cu supported on Al2O3, zeolite Y and SAPO-5

Reducibility of Cu supported on Al₂O₃, zeolite Y and silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-5 has been investigated in dependence on the Cu content using a method combining conventional temperature programmed reduction (TPR) by hydrogen with reoxidation in N₂O followed by a second the so-called surface-TPR (s-TPR). The method enables discrimination and a quantitative estimation of the Cu oxidation states +2, +1 and 0. The quantitative results show that the initial oxidation state of Cu after calcination in air at 400 °C, independent on the nature of the support, is predominantly +2. Cu²⁺ supported on Al₂O₃ is quantitatively reduced by hydrogen to metallic Cu⁰. Comparing the TPR of the samples calcined in air and that of samples additionally pre-treated in argon reveals that in zeolite Y and SAPO-5 Cu²⁺ cations are stabilized as weakly and strongly forms. In both systems, strongly stabilized Cu²⁺ ions are not auto-reduced by pre-treatment in argon at 650 °C, but are reduced in hydrogen to form Cu⁺. The weakly stabilized Cu²⁺ ions, in contrast, may be auto-reduced by pre-treatment in argon at 650 °C forming Cu⁺ but are reduced in hydrogen to metallic Cu⁰.