竹红菌甲素的光化学——Ⅳ.竹红菌甲素敏化二苯胺光氧化反应的研究

本文研究了以竹红菌甲素为光敏剂敏化二苯胺的光氧化反应。分离并鉴定了在乙腈和甲醇两种溶剂中的反应产物,初步探讨了反应机制。由实验结果推断,在乙腈中二苯胺与单重态氧反应生成N-苯基对醌亚胺。在甲醇中,占优势的是通过与单重态氧无关的反应途径生成N-苯基对醌亚胺。溶剂甲醇也参与了反应,生成一种新产物。二苯胺与单重态氧的反应只占一小部分。     

亚硝基化合物与甲醛的反应机理和溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)研究了亚硝基苯C₆H₅-NO和2-甲基-2-亚硝基丙烷(CH₃)₃C-NO与甲醛分别在气相和溶剂中的反应机理. 在气相中均找到两条反应通道, 即协同机理和分步机理, 均生成实验产物氧肟酸, 而且分步机理均为优势通道; 除2-甲基-2-亚硝基丙烷的反应没有协同途径外, 在溶剂中反应机理与气相中的类似. 采用导电极化连续介质模型分别研究了在乙腈与水溶液中反应的溶剂化效应, 发现这些溶剂可降低反应的活化能, 但降低的程度比较小, 反应速率变化不大.     

铑膦配合物在烯烃醛化反应中溶剂效应的原位红外光谱研究

本文应用原位红外光谱技术,在接近于工业反应条件下(H_2:CO=1:1.1.0MPa.80℃),在四种溶剂(异丁醛、2—乙基已醇、甲苯和环已烷)中考察了铑膦配合物催化剂Rh(acac)(CO)(PPh_3)的烯烃醛化反应.检测到在四种溶剂中的主要中间配合物均为HRh(CO)_2(PPh_3)_2,但在2—乙基己醇溶剂中的烯烃醛化反应速度高于异丁醛、甲苯和环已烷溶剂(约1.2～1.3倍).结果表明,采用2—乙基已醇溶剂替代醛类做反应溶剂,有可能提高工业反应装置的生产能力.     

不同形貌/晶型CdSe纳米材料的简易合成

以乙二胺(en)为溶剂,通过调控反应物中镉源与硒源的摩尔比得到了不同形貌与晶型的CdSe纳米材料,达到了同时调控形貌与晶型的目的.当反应物中镉源与硒源摩尔比为1:1时,得到的产物为en体系常见的六方相棒状CdSe纳米晶体;当反应物中镉源与硒源摩尔比为1:2时,得到的产物为立方相CdSe纳米颗粒.进一步研究结果表明,反应体系中Se2-离子生成的多少及速度是影响反应进程得到不同产物的关键.     

亚硝基苯与甲醛的反应机理和溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法RB3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)研究了亚硝基苯与甲醛在单重态势能面上分别在气相和溶剂中的反应机理. 找到两条反应通道: 协同机理和分步机理, 均生成实验产物N-苯基氧肟酸C6H5NOHCHO. 计算结果表明: 亚硝基苯与甲醛在气相中分步机理为主要通道. 采用导电极化连续介质模型研究了反应体系在水、乙醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、环己烷溶液中反应的溶剂化效应, 这些溶剂可降低反应的活化能, 但反应对溶剂的极性不敏感. 无论在气相还是溶剂中, 亚硝基苯与甲醛的分步机理为优势通道.     

不同形貌/晶型CdSe纳米材料的合成

以乙二胺(en)为溶剂, 通过调控反应物中镉源与硒源的摩尔比得到了不同形貌与晶型的CdSe纳米材料, 达到了同时调控形貌与晶型的目的. 当反应物中镉源与硒源摩尔比为1∶1时, 得到的产物为en体系常见的六方相棒状CdSe纳米晶体；当反应物中镉源与硒源摩尔比为1∶2时, 得到的产物为立方相CdSe纳米颗粒. 进一步研究结果表明, 反应体系中Se^2－离子生成的多少及速度是影响反应进程得到不同产物的关键.     

不同形貌/晶型CdSe纳米材料的合成

以乙二胺(en)为溶剂, 通过调控反应物中镉源与硒源的摩尔比得到了不同形貌与晶型的CdSe纳米材料, 达到了同时调控形貌与晶型的目的. 当反应物中镉源与硒源摩尔比为1∶1时, 得到的产物为en体系常见的六方相棒状CdSe纳米晶体；当反应物中镉源与硒源摩尔比为1∶2时, 得到的产物为立方相CdSe纳米颗粒. 进一步研究结果表明, 反应体系中Se^2－离子生成的多少及速度是影响反应进程得到不同产物的关键.     

使固态化学反应100%完成的方法

无溶液形成的固态化学反应具有“一旦发生,就必完全”的特质,但因为固体的非流动性,它常常会因严重的传质困难而有始无终。为了克服这个困难,作者提出了少溶剂固态化学反应(LSR)的概念,即通过使用少量的溶剂赋予固体流动性,使反应物固体部分溶解,再使用搅拌反应器解决其“三传”问题,使之完全反应,从而达到使一些化学工业过程绿色化的目的。本文用平衡热力学数值计算的方法图解了几种代表性LSR的Gibbs自由能随反应进度的关系,进而指出：(ⅰ) LSR的中间阶段如同没有溶液形成的固态化学反应,两端像溶液化学反应,因此,LSR虽继承了混合自由能导致的化学平衡,但其平衡点比溶液化学反应更接近100%完全。特别地,在LSR即将结束时,通过逐步移除溶剂以使反应物和产物固体持续存在而延长中段,能推动反应达到100%完全;(ⅱ)对于连串反应,LSR仍有可能通过控制反应物的物质的量之比来获得中间产物;(ⅲ)对于Δ_rG_m^Θ略小于零的反应,可以通过使用较多的溶剂跨越可能的早期平衡态,或者使用大量的产物固体“种子”使所有的产物一直与其饱和溶液平衡,最终通过逐渐蒸发溶剂推动反应进行到底;(ⅳ) LSR的反应速度与反应物或产物的溶解度关系不大,但与反应物的溶解速度、化学反应速度和产物的结晶速度紧密相关。本文还讨论了使一些竞争反应、非自发反应进行到底的方法,获得高度的反应控制能力。     

氢甲酰化反应溶剂效应的量子化学研究

在B3LYP/6-31G(d, p)(Rh和P采用LANL2DZ + Polar)水平下,利用自洽反应场（SCRF）的Onsager模型,系统研究了C6H12、C6H6、THF、CH2Cl2、CH3OH和H2O（相对介电常数ε分别为2.02、2.25、7.58、8.93、32.63和78.39）六种溶剂对乙烯氢甲酰化反应中各驻点的结构和反应机理的影响.分别在上述溶剂中优化了反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构,并计算了自由能和活化自由能.计算结果表明,不同溶剂对反应势能面上各驻点的结构和能量均有一定的影响,而且随着相对介电常数ε的增加,反应的活化自由能下降.水是以上六种溶剂中最佳的溶剂,这与大量的实验研究结果一致.     

从溶剂笼到分子笼

在物理化学中,对溶液中的反应通常用笼效应来描述溶剂与反应物质间的关系。一般认为,溶质(反应物质)是被溶剂分子所构成的笼包围;溶剂笼是柔性的,其大小、形状取决于溶质分子;反应物分子会在出入溶剂笼的过程中遭遇、碰撞、发生反应。随着合成技术的发展,人们合成出了以共价键、配位键连接的分子笼。相对于由范德华力所构筑的溶剂笼,分子笼表现出更高的刚性,因此其对化学反应可产生更为显著的影响。有别于传统催化剂的化学方式(与反应物、中间体等成键),当化学反应在分子笼中进行时,分子笼可通过富集反应物、改变反应物构型、影响中间产物的结构以及限制产物尺寸等一系列物理方式对反应的速率、选择性造成影响。该领域的研究对于深入揭示化学反应机理、调控所进行的反应均具有重要意义。     

Pd催化糠醛加氢反应中溶剂依赖效应的理论计算

糠醛催化加氢反应工艺主要分为气相、液相以及催化转移加氢等.相比于糠醛气相加氢,液相加氢为反应提供了更多的可持续性和自由度,但其中溶剂依赖现象对糠醛定向催化转化的影响机制尚不清晰.针对上述问题,本文选用3种溶剂(甲醇、水和环己烷)为研究对象,采用密度泛函方法,从理论计算角度探究了Pd催化糠醛加氢反应中溶剂效应对反应活性和选择性的重要作用.结果表明,在糠醛加氢反应过程中,溶剂一方面能够形成氢键网络促进质子穿梭,另一方面能够稳定反应物、中间体以及生成物,有效降低C=O加氢的能垒.自由能计算结果表明,在液态水、甲醇和环己烷中,随着溶剂极性的降低(水>甲醇>环己烷),第一步C=O氢化的能垒逐渐降低(0.70 eV>0.68 eV>0.44 eV).在水和甲醇介导的糠醛加氢反应过程中,第一步C=O加氢的反应势垒进一步降低为0.47和0.41 eV.差分电荷密度以及Bader电荷分析表明,反应过程中存在糠醛和Pd催化剂之间的电荷转移.分波态密度(PDOS)分析表明,溶剂的加入使d带中心向靠近费米能级的方向移动,表明Pd催化剂的催化活性得到提高.     

Ti/SiO_2催化H_2O_2氧化苯甲醇制苯甲醛反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了非贵金属Ti催化H2O2氧化苯甲醇为苯甲醛的反应机理.考察了6条可能的反应途径,优化得到了各个途径的过渡态和中间体结构,计算了气相和液相中的反应势垒.结果表明,无催化剂时,H2O2氧化苯甲醇的反应途径具有非常高的反应势垒,反应不能进行;以Ti/SiO2为催化剂时,标题反应在乙腈溶液中的反应势垒为123.8kJ/mol,反应可在约353K下发生.结果还表明,标题反应在极性较大的溶剂中有较高的反应势垒,而在气相或者极性较小的溶剂中的反应势垒较低.     

Photolysis of bromo- and chloro-substituted benzyl derivatives. Competition between ionic and radical pathways

Photolysis of 1-fluoro-2-halo-1,2-diphenylethanes was studied in solutions of tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, and cyclohexane. The effect of free radical inhibitor and metal hydrides on products formation as well as their ratio was analyzed to elucidate the reaction pathway. In the first step homolytic C-X bond cleavage occurs from a single excited state, resulting in a biradical pair. Further reaction path depends on the type of the halogen bonded and on the solvent polarity. Electron transfer within the radical pair cage is apparently more rapid for bromides than for chlorides and is opposite as expected on the basis of the relative electronegativities of chlorine and bromine. As radicals approach each other, they fall into ionic or radical product channels. This is influenced by solvent polarity, resulting in the larger yield of ionic products in the case of acetonitrile as in the case of less polar cyclohexane.     

DFT modeling of reactivity in an ionic liquid: How many ion pairs?

The modeling of reactivity in an ionic liquid is examined with DFT and DFT/MM calculations on the S(N)2 intramolecular rearrangement of the Z-phenylhydrazone of 3-benzoyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole into 4-benzoylamino-2,5-diphenyl-1,2,3-triazole induced by amines. Experimental research has shown that the reaction occurs in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and in conventional organic solvents such as acetonitrile with comparable rates. The structure for the reactants, transition states and products for the rate-determining step are optimized, and the energy barrier is computed in three different environments: gas phase, water solvent, and ionic liquid. The results are encouraging in describing the energy barrier in the ionic liquid. A simple model is formulated to explain the effect of the solvent in this particular process, and a procedure to study theoretically the reactivity in an ionic liquid is proposed.     

Ultrafast study of p-biphenylyldiazomethane and p-biphenylylcarbene

p-Biphenylyldiazomethane was excited by femtosecond pulses of UV light in acetonitrile, in cyclohexane, and in methanol. Ultrafast photolysis produces a singlet excited state of p-biphenylyldiazomethane with lambdamax = 490 nm, and lifetimes of less than 300 fs in acetonitrile, in cyclohexane, and in methanol. The decay of the excited state is accompanied by the growth of transient absorption with lambdamax = 360 nm. The carrier of this transient absorption is attributed to singlet p-biphenylylcarbene, a result that is consistent with the predictions of TD-DFT calculations. The singlet carbene lifetimes are 200 and 77 ps in acetonitrile and cyclohexane, respectively, and are controlled by intersystem crossing to the lower energy triplet state. The transient absorption does not decay to baseline in acetonitrile, because of the formation of nitrile ylide. The equilibrium mixture of singlet and triplet p-biphenylylcarbene reacts with acetonitrile to form a nitrile ylide (lambdamax = 370 nm), and with cyclohexane by C-H insertion 1-20 ns after the laser pulse. The singlet carbene lifetime is only 7.9 ps in methanol, owing to a rapid reaction with the solvent. Reaction with the solvent gives rise, in part, to a p-biphenylylbenzyl cation (lambdamax = 450 nm, tau = 6.3 ps) in methanol.     

Valence bond calculations of hydrogen transfer reactions: a general predictive pattern derived from theory

Hydrogen abstraction reactions of the type X(*) + H-H' --> X-H + H'(*) (X = F, Cl, Br, I) are studied by ab initio valence bond methods and the VB state correlation diagram (VBSCD) model. The reaction barriers and VB parameters of the VBSCD are computed by using the breathing orbital valence bond and valence bond configuration interaction methods. The combination of the VBSCD model and semiempirical VB theory leads to analytical expressions for the barriers and other VB quantities that match the ab initio VB calculations fairly well. The barriers are influenced by the endo- or exothermicity of the reaction, but the fundamental factor of the barrier is the average singlet-triplet gap of the bonds that are broken or formed in the reactions. Some further approximations lead to a simple formula that expresses the barrier for nonidentity and identity hydrogen abstraction reactions as a function of the bond strengths of reactants and products. The semiempirical expressions are shown to be useful not only for the model reactions that are studied in this work, but also for other nonidentity and identity hydrogen abstraction reactions that have been studied in previous articles.     

Ultrafast study of 9-diazofluorene: direct observation of the first two singlet states of fluorenylidene

Ultrafast photolysis of 9-diazofluorene (DAF) produces a broadly absorbing transient within the instrument time resolution (300 fs), which is assigned to an excited state of the diazo compound. The diazo excited state fragments to form fluorenylidene (Fl) in both its lowest energy singlet state (1Fl, 405-430 nm, depending on the solvent) and a higher energy singlet state (370 nm, 1Fl*). The excited singlet carbene has a lifetime of 20.9 ps in acetonitrile and decays to the lower energy singlet state (1Fl), which relaxes to the triplet ground state (3Fl) in acetonitrile, cyclohexane, benzene, and hexafluorobenzene. The equilibrium mixture of singlet and triplet fluorenylidene reacts with these solvents. Singlet fluorenylidene reacts with methanol and cyclohexene in competition with relaxation to 3Fl. One of the reaction products in methanol is the 9-fluorenyl cation. The rate of intersystem crossing (ISC) in hexafluorobenzene and other halogenated solvents is remarkably slow given that carbene ISC rates are generally fastest in nonpolar solvents. An explanation of this effect is advanced.     

钐(II)类卡宾CH_3SmCH_2I与乙烯环丙烷化反应及溶剂化效应(THF)对反应途径影响的理论研究

用密度泛函B3LYP方法研究了过渡金属钐类卡宾与乙烯的环丙烷化反应的机理.对钐类卡宾试剂CH3SmCH2I和CH2CH2反应的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物构型的全部结构几何参数进行了优化,并计算了THF溶液的溶剂化效应,用内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算和频率分析方法,对过渡态进行了验证.结果表明:CH3SmCH2I与CH2CH2环丙烷化反应按亚甲基转移机理(通道A)和卡宾金属化机理(通道B)都可以进行,与锂类卡宾的反应机理相同,通道A比通道B反应的势垒降低了14.65kJ/mol.溶剂化效应使通道B比通道A的反应势垒大幅度提高,更有利于反应沿通道A进行,而不利于通道B.     

Free energy and dynamics of electron-transfer reactions in a room temperature ionic liquid

Reaction free energetics and dynamics of unimolecular electron-transfer processes in ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMI+PF6-) are investigated via molecular dynamics computer simulations employing a model diatomic solute and compared with those in aprotic acetonitrile. Using the free energy perturbation method, diabatic free energy curves relevant to charge separation and recombination processes are studied over a wide range of the reaction coordinate. The diabatic curves are found to vary with the solute charge distribution, especially in EMI+PF6-. Nevertheless, if the free energy of reaction is not that substantial, the Marcus free energy relationship holds reasonably well, provided that the reorganization free energy averaged between the reactant and product states is employed. The effective polarity, measured as solvation-induced stabilization of dipolar solutes, is higher for EMI+PF6- than for acetonitrile, consonant with many solvatochromic measurements. Thus, in the normal regime, activation barriers for charge separation and recombination reactions are, respectively, lower and higher in EMI+PF6- than in acetonitrile. The influence of solvent dynamics on reaction kinetics through modulations of activation, deactivation, and barrier crossing is analyzed. Even though overall solvent relaxation dynamics in EMI+PF6- are considerably slower than those in acetonitrile, the deviation of the rate constant from the transition state theory predictions is found to be small for both solvents. Implications of this finding for other reactions in ionic liquids are briefly discussed.     

A DFT study on a mutipathways,one product reaction: Initially divergent radical reactions reconverge to form a single product

The mechanism for initially divergent radical reactions reconverging to form a single product is studied using density functional theory calculations. The calculation results suggest that there are six possible pathways from reactants to products. The free energy barriers of the rate‐determining steps of each pathway are almost equal. Thus, different from usual reaction, the selectivity of this reaction is determined by the relative value of free energy barriers of the two competitive reactions, that is, cyclization and bimolecular trapping, rather than that of rate‐determining steps. In all reaction pathways, cyclization reaction is more competitive than bimolecular trapping reaction due to its low free energy barrier. In addition, the free energy barriers of bimolecular trapping reaction between Bu₃SnH and reactants are all lower than that of NC? C₆H₁₁. However, Bu₃SnH is not always suitable due to its large steric repulsion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.