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1.
王恩琪  李佩芳 《色谱》1988,6(6):370-372
硝化甘油(NG)、二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT和2,4-DNT)、三硝基甲苯(α-TNT)及二甲基二苯脲(C)是火药中最常见的组分。这些组分可用气相色谱法(GC)进行分离测定,但因NG的热稳定性较差,结果的精确度较差。对上述组分较有效的分析方法是高效液相色谱法(HPLC),因此法一般是在室温下进行,可避免NG等爆炸性组分的热分解。 HPLC分析火药组分在国内外早有报道。但国内做的工作不多。近年来我院开始应用HPLC分析火炸药组分。  相似文献   

2.
氨基甲基苯甲酸;联苯四甲酸;合成;偶联;重氮盐  相似文献   

3.
制备2,2′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸的新方法   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以对甲苯胺为原料研究了2,2',4,4'-联苯四甲酸的新合成路线.首先由对甲苯胺经三步反应制备了2-氨基-5-甲基苯甲酸,对工艺条件进行了优化,明显地减少了试剂的用量,三步收率达61.5%;2-氨基-5-甲基苯甲酸经重氮化反应、重氮盐偶联反应得到4,4'-二甲基-2,2'-联苯二甲酸,NaOH和NH2OH·HCl的摩尔投料比为11时偶联反应收率最高可达到88%;在弱碱性条件下以KMnO4氧化二甲基联苯二甲酸得到最终产物,以对甲苯胺计算总收率为43.3%.产物结构经1H NMR和IR测试技术确证.以羧酸芳烃重氮盐为反应物制备联苯四甲酸的工艺路线,反应条件温和,收率较高.  相似文献   

4.
采用NMR方法考察了室温和低温(-78~-60℃)下Pd2X2(dpm)2(X=NCO-,CH3CO,SCN-和NO,dpm=Ph2PCH2PPh2)与H2S在CD2Cl2或CDCl3中的反应。结果表明,在X=NCO-和CH3CO的情况下,H2S优先与这些Pd配合物的阴离子作用生成相应的共轭酸HX和Pd2(SH)2(dpm)2,后者在H2S存在下又进一步转化为Pd2(SH)2(dpm)2(μ-S);当X=SCN-和NO时,反应则生成结构可能为[Pd2(H)(SH)(μ-SH)(dpm)2]+的双核Pd配合物。  相似文献   

5.
CONVERSION OF KETONES INTO1,1-DISUBSTITUTED-2,3,3-TRIFLUORO-2-PROPEN -1-OLSWITH1,1-DIBROMO-1,2,2,2-TETRLUORO ETHANE/MAGNESIUM...  相似文献   

6.
1,5-苯并二嗪在医学上常用作镇静剂和资料心血管病的药物[1,2],其独特的生理及药理学特性引起了人们的浓厚兴趣.药理学研究证明它的药理机能是作为一种活性酶的组份,促使酶的活性增加从而达到拮抗作用[3,4].  相似文献   

7.
8.
用UHF/4-31G基组,全构型优化OCHCHR(R=N,BH_2,CN,F,OH,NH_2)6个氧自由基的构型并研究其稳定化能△E。以OCHH_2自由基为参考标准,它们的△E分别为0.00、-75.97、1.11、0.76、22.06和40.65kJ/mol,说明供电子基团OH和NH_2对氧自由基起稳定化作用,BH_2对氧自由基起去稳定化作用,而CN和F对氧自由基的稳定性影响不大。  相似文献   

9.
采用高温固相法制备了碱土金属离子(Mg^2+,Ca^2+,Ba^2+)掺杂的SrAl2O4:Eu^2+,Dy^3+长余辉荧光粉。XRD谱分析表明,随着基质中掺入的碱土金属离子(Mg^2+,Ca^2+,Ba^2+)浓度增加,基质晶格常数也随之发生变化。Mg^2+,Ca^2+和Ba^2+ 3种碱土离子在SrAl2O4中的固溶范围分别为40%,15%和30%。光谱分析则表明在固溶范围内随着掺杂Mg^2+,Ca^2+和Ba^2+浓度的增大,样品的发射峰值会在480~530nm范围出现规律性移动。适当浓度的Mg^2+,Ba^2+掺杂会不同程度地提高样品的发光强度,而Ca^2+的掺杂则会降低发光强度。但是碱土金属离子(Mg^2+,Ca^2+,Ba^2+)的掺杂并不能延长SrAl2O4:Eu^2+,Dy^3+荧光粉的余辉时间。  相似文献   

10.
OxidativeCouplingofPhenolsby2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-methoxypiperidineOxoammoniumChlorideOxidativeCouplingofPhenolsby2,2,6,6-Tet...  相似文献   

11.
通过分子动力学模拟,考查并分析了(KI)108离子簇的结构、能量和相变的动力学行为.在加热和冷却过程中,离子簇再现了熔化和凝固现象,而且熔化起始于立方体的其一顶点,熔化的离子簇不是球形的,说明了离子簇的非湿特征.根据结晶的成核速率,讨论了电子衍射实验中观察KI凝固的可能性  相似文献   

12.
In a series of molecular dynamics (MD) runs on (KI)108 clusters, the Born–Mayer–Huggins potential function is employed to study structural, energetic, and kinetic aspects of phase change and the homogeneous nucleation of KI clusters. Melting and freezing are reproducible when clusters are heated and cooled. The melted clusters are not spherical in shape no matter the starting cluster is cubic or spherical. Quenching a melted (KI)108 cluster from 960 K in a bath with temperature range 200–400 K for a time period of 80 ps both nucleation and crystallization are observed. Nucleation rates exceeding 1036 critical nuclei m−3 s−1 are determined at 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 K. Results are interpreted in terms of the classical theory of nucleation of Turnbull and Fisher and of Buckle. Interfacial free energies of the liquid–solid phase derived from the nucleation rates are 7–10 mJ m−2. This quantity is 0.19 of the heat of transition per unit area from solid to liquid, or about two-thirds of the corresponding ratio which Turnbull proposed for freezing transition. The temperature dependence of σsl(T) of (KI)108 clusters can be expressed as σsl(T)∝T0.34.  相似文献   

13.
The nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with an aryl amide derivative TMB‐5 as β‐form nucleating agent has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy. The feature of crystallite morphology depends on concentration and thermal conditions. At low concentrations, TMB‐5 molecules aggregate into fibril structures and presented blunt exothermic peak with a shoulder at high temperature. The surface of these fibrils host active sites tailored for the nucleation of β‐iPP, represented by clusters of microcrystallites. With increasing concentration, αβ‐transcrystalline layer develops on the lateral surface of needle‐shaped TMB‐5. Enhanced multiple endotherms indicate the ensuing crystals are less perfect and easily transformed into more stable forms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 314–325, 2009  相似文献   

14.
Molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations have been carried out to study the structures, properties, and crystal nucleation of iron nanoparticles with 331 Fe atoms or with diameter around 2 nm. Structure information for the nanoparticles was analyzed from the MD simulations. Three crystalline phases and one amorphous phase were obtained by cooling the nanoparticles from their molten droplets at different cooling rates or with different lengths of cooling time periods. Molten droplets froze into three different solid phases and a solid-solid transition from a disordered body-centered cubic (BCC) phase to an ordered BCC phase were observed during the slow cooling and the quenching processes. Properties of nanoparticle Fe331, such as melting point, freezing temperature, heat capacity, heat of fusion, heat of crystallization, molar volume, thermal expansion coefficient, and diffusion coefficient, have been estimated. Nucleation rates of crystallization to two solid phases for Fe331 at temperatures of 750, 800, and 850 K are presented. Both classical nucleation theory and diffuse interface theory are used to interpret our observed nucleation results. The interfacial free energy and the diffuse interface thickness between the liquid phase and two different solid phases are estimated from these nucleation theories.  相似文献   

15.
In this paper, the confined crystallization and phase transition behaviors of n-octadecane in microcapsules with a diameter of about 3 microm were studied with the combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature dependent Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The main discovery is that the microencapsulated n-octadecane crystallizes into a stable triclinic phase via a mestastable rotator phase (R I), which emerges as a transient state for the bulk n-octadecane and is difficult to be detected by the commonly used characterization methods. As evident from the DSC measurement, a surface freezing monolayer, which is formed at the interface between the microcapsule inner wall and n-octadecane, induces the crossover of the R I from transient to metastable. We argue that the existence of the surface freezing monolayer decreases the nucleating potential barrier of the R I phase, and consequently the lower relative nucleation barrier in the confined geometry turns the transient R I phase into a metastable one.  相似文献   

16.
A method has been devised to study the kinetics of phase changes in an unfamiliar regime of extreme undercooling and rate of transformation. We show how electron diffraction can monitor the time evolution of phase changes in molecular clusters condensed from the vapor in supersonic flow. Transitions taking place in microseconds are readily followed. Examples include solid state transformations as well as the freezing of liquid clusters. Aspects of the experiment making it possible to observe familiar transitions under highly unusual conditions will be discussed along with some advantages of the new technique.  相似文献   

17.
Heat capacities measured for isolated aluminum clusters show peaks due to melting. For some clusters with around 60 and 80 atoms there is a dip in the heat capacities at a slightly lower temperature than the peak. The dips have been attributed to structural transitions. Here we report studies where the clusters are annealed before the heat capacity is measured. The dips disappear for some clusters, but in many cases they persist, even when the clusters are annealed to well above their melting temperature. This indicates that the dips do not result from badly formed clusters generated during cluster growth, as originally suggested. We develop a simple kinetic model of melting and freezing in a system consisting of one liquidlike and two solidlike states with different melting temperatures and latent heats. Using this model we are able to reproduce the experimental results including the dependence on the annealing conditions. The dips result from freezing into a high energy geometry and then annealing into the thermodynamically preferred solid. The thermodynamically preferred solid has the higher freezing temperature. However, the liquid can bypass freezing into the thermodynamically preferred solid (at high cooling rates) if the higher energy geometry has a larger freezing rate.  相似文献   

18.
A high-pressure phase of the clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran was prepared by freezing a liquid phase of overall composition THF · 7 H2O under a pressure of 3.0 kbar, or by pressurizing the solid structure II THF hydrate of 255K to 3.4 kbar. Unfortunately, the products recovered at 77K were always mixed phase materials as shown by X-ray powder diffraction. A number of diffraction lines could be indexed in terms of the cubic structure I hydrate with a slightly expanded lattice parameter, 12.08 Å, giving some support to Dyadin's idea that the high pressure phase transition involves a conversion of Structure II to Structure I. Other phases observed in the recovered product include Ice IX and amorphous materials. The reversion of the high pressure sample to the structure II hydrate was followed by differential scanning calorimetry. At ambient pressure, the high pressure sample converts slowly back to Structure II hydrate event at 77K.NRCC No. 35786.  相似文献   

19.
In this study, the effects of crystallization conditions (cooling rate and end temperature of cooling) on crystallization behavior and polymorphic composition of isotactic polypropylene/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (iPP/MWCNTs) composites nucleated with different concentrations of β‐nucleating agent (tradename TMB‐5) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results of DSC, WAXD and SEM revealed that the addition of MWCNTs and TMB‐5 evidently elevates crystallization temperatures and significantly decreases the crystal sizes of iPP. Because of the competition between α‐nucleation (provided by MWCNTs) and β‐nucleation (induced by TMB‐5), the β‐phase crystallization takes place only when 0.15 wt% and higher concentration of TMB‐5 is added. Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics study showed that the crystallization activation energy ΔE of β‐nucleated iPP/MWCNTs composites is obviously higher than that of pure iPP, which slightly increases with the increase of TMB‐5 concentration, accompanying with the transition of its polymorphic crystallization behavior. The results of non‐isothermal crystallization and melting behavior suggested that the cooling rate and end temperature of cooling (Tend) are important factors in determining the proportion and thermal stability of β‐phase: Lower cooling rate favors the formation of less amount of β‐phase with higher thermal stability, while higher cooling rate encourages the formation of higher proportion of β‐phase with lower thermal stability. The Tend = 100°C can eliminate the β–α recrystallization during the subsequent heating and therefore enhance the thermal stability of the β‐phase. By properly selecting TMB‐5 concentration, cooling rate and Tend, high β‐phase proportion of 88.9% of the sample was obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
This article reports crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with an aryl amide derivative (TMB‐5) as β‐form nucleating agent. The effects of nucleating agent concentration, thermal history and assemble morphology of nucleating agent on the crystallization behaviors of iPP were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy. The results indicated that the TMB‐5 concentration should surpass a threshold value to get products rich in β‐iPP. The diverse morphologies of TMB‐5 are determined by nucleating agent concentration and crystallization condition. At higher concentrations, the recrystallized TMB‐5 aggregates into needle‐like structure, which induces mixed polymorphic phases on the lateral surface and large amount of β modification around the tip. High β nucleation efficiency was obtained at the lowest studied crystallization temperature, which is desirable for real molding process. TMB‐5 prefers to recrystallize from the melt at higher concentration and lower crystallization temperature. The difference in solubility, pertinent to concentration and crystallization temperature, determined the distinct crystallization behaviors of iPP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1725–1733, 2008  相似文献   

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