二烷基次膦酸改性的SiO2基萃淋树脂的制备及吸附分离锆铪的性能

核级锆铪分离是限制我国核能发展的“卡脖子”难题,溶剂萃取法是应用最为广泛的锆铪分离工艺,但存在污染严重、分离效率低、易产生第三相等问题。萃取色层法分离相似金属离子效率高,优先吸附含量少的铪的萃淋树脂是萃取色层法分离锆铪的关键。本文以亲水性二氧化硅(SiO₂)为基底,合成了优先吸附铪的悬挂二烷基次膦酸官能团的新型萃淋树脂(SiO₂-POOH)。通过FT-IR和SEM-EDS对萃淋树脂SiO₂-POOH进行表征,通过静态吸附实验研究H₂SO₄体系下SiO₂-POOH对锆铪的吸附分离性能。结果表明：(1) H₂SO₄体系下,SiO₂-POOH优先吸附铪。在H₂SO₄浓度0.5～4mol·L^-1范围内,随着H₂SO₄浓度的增大,锆铪的吸附率均降低;(2)低酸度(0.5～1.0mol·L     

锆铪的间接测定

锆铪的分别测定,由于分离上的困难,至今仍是分析化学中的尖端问题之一。为了分别测定其含量或锆铪比,分析工作者提出了许多方案,其中如光谱分析、同位素测定、热分析、质谱分析、按比重差异的计算方法都属于物理方法。这类方法多半适用于锆铪比很大或很小的试样,还有某些操作及设备上的局限性。化学法中间接法研究得不少。重要的有根据锆铪亚硒酸盐与经过煅烧该盐而得到的氧化物之间化合量差异计算出锆铪含量的方法、根据锆铪硫酸盐与经过     

锆和铪的火焰原子吸收光谱分析特性

火焰原子吸收测定锆和铪需要用高温一氧化二氮-乙炔富燃火焰。Amos和Willis,Bond等人及Sastri等人研究过锆和铪的火焰原子吸收测定,发现氟化物、三价铁、含氮化合物有增感效应,并利用这种效应拟定了间接测定氟离子和氨的方法。Panday较系统地考察过各种共存元素对锆、铪、钛的原子吸收测定的干扰。本文在上述工作的基础上,探讨大量铪或者锆存在下,火焰原子吸收测定少量锆或铪的可能性。     

锆英石中铪的化学分离与测定 Ⅱ.用过氧化氢掩蔽锆,二甲酚橙分光光度法测定铪

掩蔽锆测定铪的方法很少报导。Cheng提出用H_2O_2掩蔽锆,用二甲酚橙测定铪。其后又有人用H_2O_2掩蔽锆,用檞皮素或铬天青S测定铪。这些方法的缺点是锆的干扰仍较严重,颜色不稳定等。有的文章对这种方法表示否定。根据锆铪水溶液状态等的研究成果,我们对H_2O_2与锆铪的作用机理等问题作了探讨。找出一个可允许数倍量锆存在的测定铪的较满意的条件。实验部分 (一)主要试剂     

应用溶液状态的差别选择性光度法测定锆中微量铪

锆铪的性质很相近,至今测定它们的分量仍是分析化学中的难题之一。本文系统地研究了以α-羟基酸作为辅助络合剂时,将体系调至碱性使锆铪同时聚合,然后返调至酸性,这时锆铪的反应活性和溶液状态有显著的差别,利用这种差别即使应用选择性较差的显色剂如XO进行显色反应,也会得到很好的结果。此时,铪-XO络合物的吸光度不变,但锆的相应络合物却已褪色。借此可测定锆铪混合物中铪量,结果比较满意。     

萃取分离-高效液相色谱法同时测钢铁及合金中的锆和铪

锆和铪在钢中主要用来制作特殊用途的合金钢，它们可以改善钢的性能，提高钢的强度、导热性和导电性。而如何测定锆和铪的含量一直是研究的重要课题。锆和铪的化学性质极为相似，测定时相互严重干扰，同时由于钢铁及合金中的复杂的基体干扰，同时测定非常困难。本实验建立了一种离子对反相色谱法同时测定钢铁及合金中锆和铪的方法，采用钽试剂-苯萃取、硫酸反萃取排除共存离子W、Nb的干扰，用于钢铁及合金中锆和铪的同时测定，结果令人满意。     

分光光度法同时测定多元素的研究(Ⅱ)——以CPA-矩阵法计算混合体系中微量锆和铪

本文将m-NPF+CTMAB体系用于锆、铪混合物中微量锆、铪的同时测定。确定了同时测定锆,铪的最佳实验条件。通过使用CPA-矩阵法计算解决了混合体系中锆、铪分量的测定;对光度分析中应用CPA-矩阵法的关键——选择适宜的测定波长问题作了进一步讨论,提出了“相关波长”和“相关组份”的概念。     

锆铪催化添加剂对PX液相氧化过程的影响

向对二甲苯(PX)催化氧化体系加入锆铪离子可有效地加速该反应过程．对锆铪离子与Co-Mn-Br催化剂体系的协同催化机理作了简要阐述，并对添加不同浓度下锆铪离子的催化作用进行了动力学实验．考察了添加锆和铪离子对主反应和燃烧副反应的影响，获得了锆铪离子添加剂对PX氧化过程的影响规律．研究发现，在实验所考察的温度与催化剂组成条件下，添加锆铪离子对反应过程中不同阶段的加速效果各不相同．且两种离子对燃烧副反应过程也有不同程度的加速作用．     

锆英石中铪的化学分离与测定 Ⅰ、硫酸-高氯酸介质中锆与铪的离子交换层析法分离

锆铪的分离,目前国内多采用纸上层析法,分离效果较好,但负载量和处理溶液量较少。本工作试图寻找一个分离效果好,而且负载量和处理溶液量较多的方法,故选用离子交换法。以往关于在硫酸介质中阳离子交换法分离锆铪的资料,均采用较大型的交换柱,淋洗液浓度高,用量大,淋洗时间长,分离并不完全。我们采用较稀的硫酸,引入适量高氯酸作为淋洗介质,进行静态法和动态法试验,确定了一个用小型交换柱分离锆并富集铪的方法。     

锆和铪的色谱分离

介绍了用二甲基硅酮作固定相的毛细管气相色谱法分离三氟乙酰丙酮合锆和三氟乙酰丙酮合铪的混合物及乙酰丙酮合锆和乙酰丙酮合铪的混合物。用Ｃ＿（１８）键合固定相的反相高效液相色谱法分离上述β－二酮合锆和铪的混合物;讨论了色谱分离中的问题。     

Separation of Zr and Hf from strong hydrochloric acid solution by solvent extraction with TEHA

In order to separate Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) from chloride solutions, TEHA (tri 2-ethyl hexyl amine) was used as an extractant. The aqueous phase consisted of 200 ppm of Zr and Hf in strong HCl solution. In our solvent extraction system, the extractability of the constituents by TEHA was found to be in the following order, HCl > Zr(IV) > Hf(IV). The highest separation factor between the two metals was obtained from 8 M HCl solution. Based on the selectivity towards Zr over Hf with TEHA, McCabe–Thiele plot was constructed and batch simulation of counter-current extraction studies has been conducted. Scrubbing results from the loaded TEHA showed that Hf was selectively scrubbed over Zr by strong HCl solution (9 M). Complete stripping of Zr was possible from the organic phase with distilled water after scrubbing of Hf. The extraction behavior of Zr and Hf by TEHA was compared with that by TiOA and TOA. Our results can be utilized in developing a solvent extraction process to separate Zr and Hf from concentrated chloride solutions by using TEHA.     

表面活性剂对金属-桑色素荧光反应的增敏作用

研究了表面活性剂对Zr⁴⁺、Hf⁴⁺、Al³⁺、Ga³⁺、In³⁺、及Sb(Ⅴ)与桑色素荧光反应的增敏作用。在阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠存在下,三元体系的灵敏度成倍增加。利用这种增敏作用,渴望建立这些元素的高灵敏度荧光分析方法。     

Precise simultaneous determination of zirconium and hafnium in silicate rocks,meteorites and lunar samples

A precise, sensitive and rapid analytical technique has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Zr and Hf in natural silicate matrices. The technique is based on radiochemical neutron activation analysis and employs a rapid fusion dissolution of the sample and simultaneous precipitation of the Zr−Hf pair with p-hydroxybenzene arsonic acid in an acidic medium. The indicator radionuclides,⁹⁵Zr and¹⁸¹Hf, are counted with a pair of high resolution Ge(Li) detectors and the⁹⁵Zr activity is corrected for the contribution from U fission. The chemical yields of the radiochemical separation are based on Hf carrier, which quantitatively carries both Zr and Hf. The yield is determined by reactivation of the processed samples and standards with a²⁵²Cf isotopic neutron source and by counting the 18.6 sec half-life^179mHf. The sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the procedure are demonstrated by replicate analyses of several standard rocks, meteorites and lunar samples which exhibit a wide range of Zr and Hf abundances.     

Gravimetric determination of the abundance ratio of zirconium and hafnium, based on the in situ thermal decomposition of K(4)[(Zr,Hf)(C(2)O(4))(4)].5H(2)O

Careful heating of K(4)[(Zr,Hf)(C(2)O(4))(4)].5H(2)O results in a two-step thermal decomposition which can be written as: K(4)[(Zr,Hf(C(2)O(4))(4)].5H(2)O --> K(4)[(Zr,Hf)(C(2)O(4))(4)] --> {2K(2)CO(3)+(Zr,Hf)O(2)}. The weight-ratio of the successive decomposition products depends on the abundance ratio of Zr and Hf, and forms the basis for the present method of gravimetric determination.     

Selective separation and reversed phase extraction of zirconium and hafnium from a multitracer solution

The solvent extraction of Zr and Hf was studied using 444-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione (TTA) from a multitracer solution containing carrier-free radioisotopes of Zr, Hf, and other elements. The multitracer was prepared from Au foil irradiated with high-energy heavy-ion beams. Effects of HCl and HNO₃ concentrations and organic solvent on the extraction and coextraction of other radionuclides have been studied. It was found that decalin (decahydronaphthalene) was the best solvent among 14 solvents studied and the optimum aqueous phase was 2 mol·dm^–3 HCl or HNO₃. About 2–10% of Sr, Rb, Sc and Nb were coextracted with Zr and Hf. The reversed phase extraction of Zr and Hf was also developed by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution at pH range of 8.5–10.     

Synthesis, characterization, and materials chemistry of Group 4 silylimides

This paper focuses on the development of potential single source precursors for M-N-Si (M = Ti, Zr or Hf) thin films. The titanium, zirconium, and hafnium silylimides (Me(2)N)(2)MNSiR(1)R(2)R(3) [R(1) = R(2) = R(3) = Ph, M = Ti(1), Zr (2), Hf (3); R(1) = R(2) = R(3) = Et, M = Ti (4), Zr (5), Hf (6); R(1) = R(2) = Me, R(3) = (t)Bu, M = Ti (7), Zr (8), Hf (9); R(1) = R(2) = R(3) = NMe(2), M = Ti (10), Zr (11), Hf (12)] have been synthesized by the reaction of M(NMe(2))(4) and R(3)R(2)R(1)SiNH(2). All compounds are notably sensitive to air and moisture. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 7-10 have been structurally characterized, and all are dimeric, with the general formula [M(NMe(2))(2)(μ-NSiR(3))](2), in which the μ(2)-NSiR(3) groups bridges two four-coordinate metal centers. The hafnium compound 3 possesses the same basic dimeric structure but shows additional incorporation of liberated HNMe(2) bonded to one metal. Compounds 11 and 12 are also both dimeric but also incorporate additional μ(2)-NMe(2) groups, which bridge Si and either Zr or Hf metal centers in the solid state. The Zr and Hf metal centers are both five-coordinated in these species. Aerosol-assisted CVD (AA-CVD) using 4-7 and 9-12 as precursors generates amorphous films containing M, N, Si, C, and O; the films are dominated by MO(2) with smaller contributions from MN, MC and MSiON based on XPS binding energies.     

Solvent extraction of Hf(IV) and Zr(IV) with some 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-acylpyrazolones-5

The distribution of Hf, Zr and Nb between aqueous solutions of mineral acids and solutions of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-acylpyrazolones-5 (acyl=acetyl, ethoxycarbonyl, butyryl, capronyl, capryl and benzoyl) in various organic solvents has been studied. The dependence of the distribution ratio of metal on the acidity of the aqueous phase, the analytical concentrations of reagents and metals, and on the organic solvent was investigated. The composition of the complex extracted is MeP₄ for Hf and Zr. The conditions for the separation of Zr, Hf and Nb are defined, and a comparison is made with extractions by means of thenoyltrifluoroacetone.     

Simultaneous determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) by CE using precolumn complexation with a [PW(11)O(39)](7-) ligand

A CE method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) at trace levels. A lacunary Keggin-type [PW(11)O(39)](7-) ligand reacted quantitatively with a mixture of trace amounts of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) to form the so-called ternary Keggin-type anions [P(Zr(IV)W(11))O(40)](5-) and [P(Hf(IV)W(11))O(40)](5-) in 0.010 M monochloroacetate buffer (pH 2.2). Since both ternary anions possessed different electrophoretic mobilities and high molar absorptivities in the UV region, Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) were determined simultaneously with direct UV detection at 258 nm. Each peak height was linearly dependent on the concentration of Zr(IV) or Hf(IV) in the range of 5.0x10(-7)-1.0x10(-5) M; a detection limit of 2x10(-7) M was achieved. The utility of the proposed CE method was demonstrated for the simultaneous determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) in natural water samples with satisfactory results.     

Consecutive thin-layer chromatographic separation of Zr(IV), Hf(IV) and many other ions on silica gel in nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide media

The thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) behaviour of 64 ions including Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) has been surveyed on systems composed of silica gel and of nitric acid and nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide media. In the 0.5 mol 1(-1) HNO(3)-3% (w/v) H(2)O(2) solution, only Hf(IV) adsorbed very strongly, whereas Zr(IV) and many other ions showed no or weak adsorption. Stepwise development with diluted nitric acid and subsequently with nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide solution allowed the consecutive separation of three-component mixtures consisting of Zr(IV), Hf(IV) and one of many other accompanying elements, such as Mo(VI), Nb(V), Th(IV), Ti(IV), U(VI) and rare earths(III), to be conducted simply and effectively.     

New complexes of zirconium(IV) and hafnium(IV) with heteroscorpionate ligands and the hydrolysis of such complexes to give a zirconium cluster

A series of zirconium and hafnium heteroscorpionate complexes have been prepared by the reaction of MCl4 (M = Zr, Hf) with the compounds [[Li(bdmpza)(H2O)](4)] [bdmpza = bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate], [[Li(bdmpzdta)(H2O)](4)] [bdmpzdta = bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)dithioacetate], and (Hbdmpze) [bdmpze = 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ethoxide] (the latter with the prior addition of Bu(n)Li). Under the appropriate experimental conditions, mononuclear complexes, namely, [MCl3(kappa3-bdmpzx)] [x = a, M = Zr (1), Hf (2); x = dta, M = Zr (3), Hf (4); x = e, M = Zr (5), Hf (6)], and dinuclear complexes, namely, [[MCl2(mu-OH)(kappa3-bdmpzx)]2] [x = a, M = Zr (7), Hf (8); x = dta, M = Zr (9); x = e, M = Zr (10)], were isolated. A family of alkoxide-containing complexes of the general formula [ZrCl2(kappa3-bdmpzx)(OR)] [x = a, R = Me (11), Et (12), iPr (13), tBu (14); x = dta, R = Me (15), Et (16), iPr (17), tBu (18); x = e, R = Me (19), Et (20), (i)Pr (21), (t)Bu (22)] was also prepared. Complexes 11-14 underwent an interesting hydrolysis process to give the cluster complex [Zr6(mu3-OH)8(OH)8(kappa2-bdmpza)8] (23). The structures of these complexes have been determined by spectroscopic methods, and the X-ray crystal structures of 7, 8, and 23 were also established.